Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of PM10 over Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP), adjoining regions and Indo-Himalayan Range (IHR) during a winter 2014 campaign
2018
Sen, Avirup | Karapurkar, Supriya G. | Saxena, Mohit | Shenoy, Damodar M. | Chaterjee, Abhijit | Choudhuri, Anil K. | Das, Trupti | Khan, Altaf H. | Kuniyal, Jagdish Chandra | Pal, Srimata | Singh, D. P. (Dharam Pal) | Sharma, Sudhir Kumar | Kotnala, Ravindra Kumar | Mandal, Tuhin Kumar
For source identification, a field campaign involving simultaneous sampling of particulate matter (PM₁₀) was conducted at eight sampling sites in the Indian mainland during winter 2014. The sampling sites include Delhi (upper IGP), Lucknow (middle IGP), and Kolkata (lower IGP) in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP); Mohal-Kullu and Darjeeling in the Indo-Himalayan Range (IHR). In addition, Ajmer, located upwind of the IGP in NW-India and Giridih and Bhubaneswar, in the downwind to the IGP has also been chosen. To characterize the sources of the ambient PM₁₀, stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ¹³CTC) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵NTN) for the total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) fractions have been considered. Ancillary chemical parameters, such as organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble ionic components (WSIC) mass concentrations are also presented in this paper. There was very small variation in the daily average δ¹³CTC ratios (− 24.8 to − 25.9‰) among the sites. Comparison with end-member stable C isotopic signatures of major typical sources suggests that the PM₁₀ at the sites was mainly from fossil fuel and biofuel and biomass combustion. Daily average δ¹⁵NTN ratios were not observed to vary much between sites either (8.3 to 11.0‰), and the low δ¹⁵NTN levels also indicate substantial contributions from biofuel and biomass burning of primarily C3 andC4 plant matter. Graphical abstract Scatter plot of the average (± 1 standard deviation (SD)) δ¹³CTC (‰) compared to δ¹⁵NTN (‰) at the sampling sites.
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