Kinetic and Mechanistic Insight into the Surfactant-Induced Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Catalytic Efficacy: Importance of Surface Restructuring

Understanding the fundamental interactions between plasmonic metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and small molecules is of utmost importance in various applications such as catalysis, sensing, drug delivery, optoelectronics, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Herein, we have investigated the early stage of the aggregation pathway of citrate-stabilized Au NPs with surfactants and explored their catalytic efficacy. Our findings reveal that (17 ± 2)-nm-sized citrate-stabilized Au NPs undergo concentration and time-dependent aggregation with positively charged cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Kinetic analyses revealed the presence of two distinct kinds of aggregates, namely, smaller clusters and a larger branched network of Au nanochains. At longer times and in the presence of higher concentrations of CTAB, these branched networks of Au nanochains transform into dense compact globular aggregates. The catalytic efficacy of Au NPs, branched Au nanochains, and dense compact aggregates has been explored with respect to the reductive hydrogenation of 4-nitophenol in the presence of excess NaBH₄. Our study revealed that the catalytic rate decreases in the order of Au NPs > branched Au nanochains > compact aggregates. Interestingly, pre-equilibrating different Au NP samples with excess NaBH₄ prior to the onset of the reaction results in similar catalytic activity irrespective of the aggregation state of Au NPs. This observation has been explained by considering efficient surface restructuring via ligand exchange with H– ions and the subsequent disruption of CTAB-induced aggregates of Au NPs. Moreover, the aggregated Au NPs can be recycled over several consecutive cycles for the reductive hydrogenation of 4-NP upon ligand exchange with H– ions. Taken together, our present study highlights the early-stage aggregation kinetics of Au NPs with CTAB surfactants and demonstrates the importance of the surface restructuring of Au NPs on their catalytic efficacy.