Efficacy of biological and chemical treatments for control of Fusarium root and stem rot on greenhouse cucumber

Potential disease control methods were evaluated against root and stem rot of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum. Crab/shrimp shell chitin; three composted media; the biological control agents Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain 63-28, Trichoderma harzianum (RootShield Drench), Streptomyces griseoviridis (Mycostop), Gliocladium catenulatum (Prestop WP, Prestop Mix), and Trichoderma (Gliocladium) virens (SoilGard); and the fungicides thiram or benomyl were added at seeding time followed by inoculation with the pathogen. The addition of chitin (4%, vol/vol) to a peat-based medium significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) enhanced seedling growth, increased soil pH, and reduced F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum populations, but the severity of disease was increased. The addition of composted media (greenhouse compost, windrow composted dairy solids, and vermi-composted dairy solids) to the seeding cavity in a rock wool block medium, followed 48 h later by inoculation with F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum, reduced seeding mortality when measured after 37 days. Greenhouse compost was significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) more suppressive than the other two composts, and the suppression was partially eliminated by sterilization of the compost. The biological control agent G. catenulatum (formulated as Prestop WP and Prestop Mix) significantly reduced seedling mortality when it was applied at seeding 24 h prior to inoculation with the pathogen in the rock wool block medium. None of the other biological control agents reduced disease incidence when compared with control plants under these experimental conditions. Pseudomonas chlororaphis and the fungicide thiram both significantly reduced plant mortality at 17 and 24 degrees C when pathogen-infested seed was treated, or when bacteria-treated and fungicide-treated seed were planted into pathogen-infested peat medium at 24 degrees C. Under semicommercial propagation conditions, treatments consisting of Prestop WP. RootShield Drench, Mycostop, and windrow composted dairy solids reduced the severity of disease caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum in two out of three trials. The efficacy of the biological control agents was affected by seasonal differences in growing conditions, which affected the incidence and severity of the disease. The results from this study indicate that several different approaches can be used at seeding to control Fusarium root and stem rot on greenhouse cucumber.