Characterization of the sex differentiation and gonadal development in small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) and its hybrid (L. polyactis ♀ × L. crocea ♂)

Interspecific hybridization has been considered as a possible approach to improve biological traits and has been applied in aquaculture practices. In the present study, artificial hybridization was carried out in the small yellow croaker (SYC; Larimichthys polyactis) ♀ × large yellow croaker (LYC; L. crocea) ♂ by artificial insemination, and the processes of sex differentiation and gonadal development in SYC and its hybrid were investigated under controlled conditions. Histological analysis of SYC larvae showed that migrating primordial germ cells (PGCs) were observed at 4 days post-hatching (dph), a genital ridge was formed on the dorsal side of the peritoneum at 6 dph, and a pair of primary gonads was first observed at 10 dph. Signs of the differentiated ovary and ovarian cavity were observed at 45 dph. However, some presumptive testes showed alterations in morphology, including an increase in the number of oocytes and an enhanced basophilia at 50 dph. These presumptive testes seemed to alter again, and numerous gonial cells were arranged in cyst-like groups with several degenerating oocytes that developed into residual body-like structures during 60–90 dph. Compared with SYC, the hybrid had a lower number of PGCs and showed retarded gonadal development at the early stage. Ovarian differentiation in the hybrid was observed at 50 dph, while testicular differentiation occurred at 60 dph. The presence of vitellogenic oocytes and spermatozoa at 360 dph in the hybrids suggested that hybrid individuals can undergo successful gametogenesis in females and males, respectively. Overall, the present results suggest that morphological sex differentiation occurred at 40 and 50 dph in SYC and its hybrid, respectively, both of which have normal gametogenesis. Moreover, some level of heterosis (hybrid vigor) occurred in the growth of the hybrid (total length and body weight) compared with that in the growth of SCY over time. Gonadal development of the hybrid was also found to be advanced at 360 dph. The present information will contribute to the potential use and management of these fish for aquaculture.