Global diversity and distribution of longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is one of the largest, most diverse, ecologically and economically important groups of beetles in the world. In the following paper, through a comprehensive synthesis and review of various sources of data, we have described the general patterns of the distribution of longhorn beetles on the global scale. We found that the vast majority of Cerambycidae diversity is concentrated in two hyper–diverse subfamilies: Lamiinae and Cerambycinae, which together cover 90.5% of all longhorn beetles. Nearly 60% of the global fauna of Cerambycidae is distributed within the Oriental or Neotropical realms. Although the monospecific genera are predominated, most of the taxonomic diversity of longhorn beetles is concentrated on the limited number of large, multi–species genera; only the first 829 richest genera encompass three quarters of the total number of Cerambycidae species. Although the estimated number of described longhorn beetle species (34,490) showed a good agreement with other studies, that figure seems to be far from the actual number, since more than 200 new species are described every year in the recent decade. Most newly–described species originate from Asia and Southern America. The vast majority (88.1%) of the Cerambycidae species were found to be restricted to only one biogeographic realm. The highest number of endemic species can be found in cerambycid fauna of the Australasian, Ethiopian, Madagascan and Neotropical realms. Moreover, our findings highlight the phylogenetic distinctness of the Madagascan fauna of Cerambycidae. More research involving a comprehensive multigene approach is needed to resolve urgent issues regarding both the higher and lower level taxonomy of Cerambycidae and to better understand the factors influencing the distribution and diversification of cerambycids.