Conversion of Glucose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Deep Eutectic Solvent of Choline Chloride–Chromium Chloride
2022
Guo, Xusheng | Zhu, Haoxiang | Si, Yuxi | Lyu, Xilei | Cheng, Youwei | Zheng, Liping | Wang, Lijun | Li, Xi
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a crucial biobased compound for synthesizing chemicals and biofuels, but the direct conversion of glucose to HMF suffers low yield and purification problems. In this paper, a cheap and efficient deep eutectic solvent (DES) of choline chloride–chromium chloride (ChCl–CrCl₃·6H₂O) was developed to convert glucose and other carbohydrates to HMF. High HMF yields of 70.2, 78.6, 72.6, and 71.7% were achieved from glucose, fructose, high fructose corn syrup, and sucrose, respectively. The DES ChCl–CrCl₃·6H₂O could be reused nine times without a significant loss of catalytic activity. In addition, a method was developed to regenerate humins-polluted DES. Combined with ultraviolet and visible spectrum data and density functional theory calculation, [Cr(H₂O)₂Cl₃Ch]⁺ was identified as the active species in DES ChCl–CrCl₃·6H₂O. This paper proposed a new effective system to convert carbohydrates to HMF. The discovery of active species provides a base for future studies on dehydration mechanisms.
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