Optimization of Biodiesel Synthesis from Waste Frying Soybean Oil Using Fish Scale-Supported Ni Catalyst
2012
Chakraborty, Rajat | Das, Sujit K.
A novel Ni–Ca–hydroxyapatite solid acid catalyst was prepared through wet impregnation of Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O on pretreated waste fish scale (PWFS) support, and the catalyst was characterized by TGA, XRD, FESEM, BET, BJH, and FTIR methods. The efficacy of the developed catalyst possessing a specific surface area of 90 m²/g, 0.1823 cm³/g pore volume, 54.83 nm modal pore diameter, and 7.52 mmol NaOH/g catalyst acidity was evaluated through esterification of free fatty acids (FFAs) of pretreated waste frying soybean oil (PWFSO) in a semibatch reactor . Optimal parametric values for esterification computed using response surface methodology (RSM) corresponding to maximum (i.e., 59.90%) conversion of FFAs to yield FAME (biodiesel) were 0.80 mL/min methanol flow rate, 30 wt % Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O precursor dosage, and 300 °C calcination temperature. Subsequent batch transesterification of the unreacted triglycerides present in upstream product catalyzed by calcined fish scale (base catalyst) resulted in an ultimate 98.40% yield of biodiesel.
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