Monitoring results from a decade of native plant translocations at Makauwahi Cave Reserve, Kaua`i

At Makauwahi Cave Reserve, on the south shore of Kaua`i, translocation decisions have been guided to a unique degree by the richly detailed fossil record of biota of recent centuries, which occurs on the site. To evaluate the efficacy of this strategy, ecological conditions and individual life histories for 3388 translocated native plants of 81 species have been monitored since 2005. Many species were selected on the basis of their prevalence as subfossils in the adjacent late Holocene cave sediments. Most of these species no longer occur on or near the abandoned farmlands and mine spoil used as a substrate for transplanted individuals. Records for each plant included location, date outplanted, flowering, fruiting, and, if applicable, mortality, including known or inferred cause. Also recorded was unaided recruitment, survival of transplanted recruits, and quantity of seed collected. Plant species selected for reintroduction on the basis of present occurrence near the site (many of which also occur there as fossils), and species not present but selected solely on the basis of fossil occurrence before European arrival, both show high survival rates in most cases. Species that fit neither of these criteria, but are judged suitable on the basis of their occurrence elsewhere on the island in similar habitats, generally showed lower survival rates. Primary mortality factors for nursery stock not surviving outplanting included transplant shock, irrigation failure, and human error (accidental cutting, pulling, or trampling). Much lower mortality rates were linked to insect damage, disease, and pig disturbance. Phenological records show that 80 % of translocated native species have flowered and 70 % produced seed. Unaided recruitment was observed for 43 % of the species with some rare species producing large numbers of volunteer seedlings. Translocated volunteer seedlings showed high survival rates. Insights from the fossil record have provided perspective on the site’s potential and limitations and enriched interest in a restoration by almost doubling the list of plant species used in restoration programs and adding a living history element to the interpretation of the site through the juxtaposition of the fossil evidence and the translocated native species.