Different typical dietary lipid consumption affects the bile acid metabolism and the gut microbiota structure: an animal trial using Sprague‐Dawley rats

BACKGROUND: The palm oil (PO), leaf lard oil (LO), rapeseed oil (RO), sunflower oil (SO) and linseed oil (LN) are five of the most typical dietary lipids in most Asian countries. However, their influences on gut health, and the connections between the fatty acid composition, the gut microbiota, and the bile acid metabolism are not fully understood. RESULTS: In the present study, results showed that compared with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)‐rich SO and LN, the saturated fatty acid (SFA)‐rich and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)‐rich PO, LO and RO were more likely to decrease the re‐absorption of bile acid in the colon, which was probably caused by their different role in modulating the gut microbiota structure. LO consumption significantly up‐regulated the Cyp27a1, FXR and TGR5 gene expression level (P < 0.05). The correlation results suggested that the C18:0 was significantly positive correlated with these three genes, indicating that intake of SFA‐rich dietary lipids, especially for the C18:0, could specifically increase the bile acid production by stimulating the bile acid alternative synthesis pathway. Although the bile acid receptor expression in the colon was increased, the re‐absorption of bile acid did not show a significant increase (P > 0.05) as compared with other dietary lipids. Moreover, the C18:2‐rich SO maintained the bile acid metabolic balance probably by decreasing the Romboutsia, while increasing the Bifidobacterium abundance in the colon. CONCLUSIONS: The different dietary lipids showed different effects on the bile acid metabolism, which was probably connected with the alterations in the gut microbiota structure. The present study could provide basic understandings about the influences of the different dietary lipids consumption on gut homeostasis and bile acid metabolism. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.