A Support Tool for Air Pollution Health Risk Management in Emerging Countries: A Case in Brazil
2014
Milla dos Santos, Ana Paula | Passuello, Ana | Schuhmacher, Marta | Nadal, Martí | Domingo, José L. | Martínez, Carlos Alberto | Segura-Muñoz, Susana Inés | Takayanagui, Ângela Maria Magosso
This study evaluated the health risk due to air pollution in São Paulo State, Brazil, comparing Brazil's standards and the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines. New methodology was applied considering, as hazard parameters, the maximum average concentrations of SO ₂, NO ₂, O ₃, CO, and PM ₁₀ from 2007 to 2011. As exposure parameters, population density and location sensitivity were considered. A health risk index based on fuzzy logic was performed to integrate the selected parameters, giving the likelihood of reaching different risk levels. Data gathering and spatial representation of parameters and risk scores were performed by means of geographic information system (GIS). Highest values of risk were observed in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo and near the cities of Cubatão and Piracicaba, associated to vehicular and industrial emissions and sugar cane burning. Discussions about the need to revise national air quality standards have intensified over the past years. Generally, indices used for air quality do not consider the population exposed. This study showed the integration of GIS with fuzzy logic methodology to be a useful tool for health risk assessment. When evaluating the risk, exposure parameters must be intrinsically considered to enhance the importance of population vulnerability when assessing environmental problems, especially in emerging economies.
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