PM2.5-bound phthalates and phthalate substitutes in a megacity of southern China: spatioseasonal variations, source apportionment, and risk assessment
2022
Huang, Yu-Qi | Zeng, Yuan | Wang, Tao | Chen, She-Jun | Guan, Yu-Feng | Mai, Bi-Xian
Plasticizers are ubiquitous pollutants in the environment, whereas few efforts have been made to elucidate their emission sources in the atmosphere. In this research, the spatioseasonal variations and sources of particle-bound (PM₂.₅) phthalates (PAEs) and their substitutes (APs) at residential sites in seven districts and at four potential point-source sites across a megacity in South China were revealed. The total concentrations of PAEs ranging from 10.7 to 528 ng/m³ were substantially higher than those of APs (1.45.58.5 ng/m³). Significant spatial variations in the concentrations of the pollutants were observed, which were generally higher at the sites with intensive industrial activities and the point-source sites. Most atmospheric plasticizer levels peaked in summer, probably due to the temperature-promoted volatilization. Seven sources of plasticizers were identified by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The sources in less industrialized districts are mainly associated with domestic and commercial emissions and with industry in the industrialized districts. Specifically, plastics and personal care products together contributed 60% of the plasticizers in the atmosphere of this city, followed by solvents and polyester industry sources. The incremental lifetime cancer risk of inhalation exposure to bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in the study city is below the acceptable level. Relatively higher risks were found for residents living around sites with intensive industrial activities and around wastewater treatment plant.
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