Nontarget organism evaluations for rodenticides
1993
Kaukeinen, D.E.
Rodenticides have the potential to cause toxicity to nontarget animals that might become accidently exposed to such materials, and various experimental techniques have been developed to determine whether rodenticides cause nontarget hazard under various use conditions. Distinctions between toxicity and hazard are important. Determinations need to be made as to what nontarget animals are present near rodenticide applications and how potential exposure can occur. Various formulation and application parameters may be experimentally modified to reduce hazard, and to determine resultant effects upon both target and nontarget species. Aversive agents have been evaluated that may increase rodenticide selectivity to the target species. Wildlife hazard evaluations require basic toxicity testing, and primary hazard may be reduced through formulation and application modifications. Secondary hazard requires a knowledge of a nontarget species foraging behavior versus rodenticide application in terms of habitat used or affected, and prey preference versus pest species controlled. Simulated field studies or large scale field studies utilizing radiotelemetry techniques (concurrent with rodenticide applications) may provide the most realistic data on hazard.
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