Soil seed bank composition and aboveground vegetation in dry Afromontane forest patches of Northwestern Ethiopia

The species composition in the aboveground vegetation and soil seed bank (SSB) were described for the dry Afromontane forest patches of Northwestern Ethiopia. Plots (30 × 30 m) were established to collect the vegetation and environmental data. Soil samples were collected for the soil bank study from the small plots measuring 10 cm × 10 cm from four soil layers. Shannon Weiner index and evenness were used to assess the species diversity and richness of the forest. Density, DBH, basal area, frequency, and importance value indices (IVI) of woody species were computed to characterize the vegetation structure of the forest. Results indicate the presence of 176 plant species belonging to 80 families. The Shannon diversity index and evenness values of the study area were 2.79 and 0.95, respectively were medium, compared to other dry Afromontane forests of Ethiopia. The total basal area and density of woody species were 51.42 m² ha⁻¹ and 2679.33 individual ha⁻¹, respectively. The most dominant species as and indicated by their important value index (lVI) was Prunus africana (17.97). A total of 2133 seedlings belonging to 44 species and 27 families were identified from the soil seed bank, with a viable seed density of 4636.95seeds/m². The species composition of the seed bank was dominated by 29 herb species (65.9%) compared to 2 tree species, which accounted for only 4.54% of the total number of species. The highest number of species density was recorded in the litter and the upper 3 cm layer of the soil and gradually decreased with increasing depth. The Similarity between soil seed bank species composition and aboveground vegetation was low and conclude that the regeneration potential of the forest from seed bank is limited. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that emerged seedlings from the soil seed bank were significantly influenced by elevation and soil cation exchange capacity. The natural regeneration process of soil seed bank should be assisted through transplanting indigenous tree species in to the forests to accelerate the restoration of the vegetation and conservation and sustainable utilization of the reaming of forest patches is a necessity.