Association between Blastocystis sp. infection and immunocompromised patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The significance of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients and the enigmatic pathogenicity of Blastocystis directed us to conduct the first global systematic review and meta-analysis on Blastocystis prevalence, odds ratios (ORs), and subtypes distribution in various immunocompromised patients (HIV/AIDS, cancer and hemodialysis patients, as well as transplant recipients). The systematic searching procedure was done in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases for relevant published literature until November 11, 2020. Random-effects model was utilized to calculate the weighted estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). The computed pooled prevalence of Blastocystis inferred from 118 papers (128 datasets) on immunocompromised patients was 10.3% (95% CI: 8.7–12.2%), with 16.1% (95% CI: 11.3–22.2%), 12.5% (95% CI: 8.5–18%), 8.4% (95 % CI: 6.6–10.6%), and 6% (95% CI: 2.6–13.3%) for hemodialysis patients, cancer patients, HIV/AIDS patients, and transplant recipients, respectively. Based on 50 case-control studies (54 datasets), the highest ORs were associated with cancer [2.81 (95% CI: 1.24–6.38, P = 0.013)] and hemodialysis patients [2.78 (95% CI: 1.19–6.48, P = 0.018)]. The most frequent subtype being found in immunocompromised patients was ST3 [41.7% (95% CI: 31.4–52.7%)], followed by ST1 [31.7% (95% CI: 23.2–41.8%)] and ST2 [23.1% (95% CI: 14.8–34.1%)]. Also, the weighted frequency of Blastocystis in various subgroups (publication year, WHO regions, geographical distribution, continents, and country income) was analyzed separately. In total, the results of the present meta-analysis highlighted that one’s immunodeficiency status is probably associated with an increased Blastocystis infection, underpinning strict preventive measures to be taken.