PCDD/Fs in soil and air and their possible sources in the vicinity of municipal solid waste incinerators in northeastern China
2016
Meng, Bo | Ma, Wanli | Liu, Li-Yan | Zhu, Ning-Zheng | Song, Wei-Wei | Lo, Ching Yee | Li, James | Kannan, Kurunthachalam | Li, Yi-Fan
Fly ash, flue gas, ambient air, and soil samples were collected to investigate concentrations, profiles, gas–particle partitioning, and air–soil exchange of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the vicinity of two municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) in Harbin in northeastern China. The PCDD/F concentrations were 11 600–12 300 pg g−1 (597–615 pg WHO-TEQ g−1) in fly ash and 873–1120 fg m−3 (51.2–61.9 fg WHO-TEQ m−3) in air. The results of gas–particle partitioning possibly indicated the equilibrium state of PCDD/F during sampling period. For soil samples, both Enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) and high-resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) were used. Significant correlations between the results from these two methods indicated that both methods are useful for PCDD/Fs analysis in soil. PCDD/Fs concentrations in soil samples ranged from 17.2 to 157 pg g−1 (0.59–8.81 pg WHO-TEQ g−1). Both Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) suggested the sources of the emission from MSWIs and the historical emission from a petroleum refinery to PCDD/Fs in adjacent soils. The air–soil exchange analysis showed a net flux of PCDD/F from air to soil at all soil-sampling sites.
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