Characteristics and Source Identification of Particulate Matter in Wintertime in Beijing

Aerosol samples were collected during the wintertime from Nov. 24, 1998 to Feb. 12, 1999 in Beijing, China. Chemical composition was determined using several analytical techniques, including inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) for trace elements, ion chromatography (IC) for water-soluble ions and CHN elemental analyzer for organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC). The average concentration of aerosol was 375 ± 169 μg m⁻³, ranging from 136 to 759 μg m⁻³. Multilinear regression (MLR) analysis was performed and crustal matter, secondary particles and organics were identified as three major components of aerosol in wintertime in Beijing, accounting for 57.3% ± 9.8%, 13.4% ± 8.0%, and 22.8% ± 5.9% of the total concentration, respectively. Based on performance evaluation, Al, SO₄ ²⁻ and OC were selected as tracers of the three components, with the regression coefficients of 23.5, 1.78 and 1.26, respectively. A regression constant of 19.6 was obtained, which accounts for other minor components in aerosol. On average 93.5% of the total aerosol concentration, ranging from 82% to 105%, was explained by crustal matter, secondary particle and organics. Meteorological conditions are important factors that can influence the concentration level and chemical composition of aerosols. Wind would be favorable for the pollutant dilution, leading to low aerosol levels, whereas too strong a wind may cause regional soil dust and local road dust to be resuspended resulting in a high contribution of crustal matter. Circuitous air movement, high RH% and low wind speed facilitated the secondary particle formation, not only inorganic salts, such as sulfate and nitrate, but also secondary organic carbon in a similar way.