Polyunsaturated fatty acids and choline in dairy goats nutrition: Production and health benefits

The potential to modify milk fatty acid composition and milk production by dietary administration of marine oils rich in n-3 PUFAs in goats diets is reviewed. Moreover animal and human health implications are considered. Role of nutrition in dairy goats for enhancing content of CLA in milk fat is also discussed. At last, rumen protected choline supplementation is evaluated to improve productive performance and metabolic health. While the effects of n-3 PUFAs administration on goat productive performance seem to depend on many factors, fish oil administration has been extensively shown to lower average concentration of C18:0 and saturated fatty acids, with a relative increase of C16:1, C18:3 n-3 and very long-chain n-3 PUFAs. Positive results have been evidenced in animals health following administration of EPA and DHA from fish oil, leading to increased phagocytic activity with no effects on extracellular ROS production in incubated goats cells. The nutritional and health properties of goat's milk could be further improved by increasing the content of CLA in milk fat. Provision of PUFAs from fresh pasture and plant lipids, mainly C18:2 n-6 and C18-3 n3 which serve as precursor for trans C18:1 formation in the rumen, have proved to enhance content of CLA in goat milk fat. Marine oils rich in n-3 PUFAs have been shown to be very effective at increasing CLA content in bovine milk, but very scarce data are available on dairy goats. Rumen protected choline has been show to increase productive performance, particularly milk production, fat percentage, and fat and protein yield without detrimental effects on methyl groups, thus reducing BHBA plasma content and hepatocellular lipid accumulation around transition. However the magnitude of the production response seems to be affected by the composition of the diet, and other factors as already reported for n-3 PUFAs administration.