Analytical strategies for the determination of antiviral drugs in the aquatic environment
2019
Nannou, Christina | Ofrydopoulou, Anna | Evgenidou, Eleni | Heath, David | Heath, Ester | Lambropoulou, Dimitra
Antiviral drugs are a therapeutic class of medicines that have garnered interest among the public around the globe. High prescription and consumption rates, seasonal peak emissions due to frequent outbreaks of influenza, and important spatial distribution in areas where a large part of the population suffers from HIV are reported. The environmental impact of several antiviral drugs, may be worrisome, given their high bioactivity, insufficient removal with conventional wastewater treatment methods, limited knowledge on their fate and behavior as well as uncontrolled landfill of waste especially in some developing countries. Antiviral drugs that are administered to several hundreds of milligrams in human to achieve the desired efficacy are even more intriguing. To date, antivirals are far less documented and lack systematic investigation, with the data about their occurrence, fate and ecotoxicological effects to be scarce. The number of single-class analytical methods focusing on antiviral drugs in environmental matrices is small, and the provided analytical characteristics such as the limits of detection/quantification are not always low enough to enable trace analysis. There is also an urgent need to expand the number of the antiviral drugs included in multi-residue analytical methods, since less than 50% of the approved ones have been investigated in the environment. Sensitive and reliable analytical methods should be applied in order to estimate the potential hazards posed by the environmental occurrence and persistence of antiviral drugs. This review aims to discuss the analytical strategies employed to determine antiviral drugs in wastewaters, surface waters, groundwater, and drinking water, after a thorough literature survey. The ultimate goal is to establish the state-of-the-art and future challenges, from an analytical point of view.
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