Change in soil agrophysical indicators and potato productivity in soil protection agrotechnologies

One of key problems of the industry of agriculture at the present stage is effective management of an ecosystem of the soil, prevention of distribution of processes of degradation of soil covering and maintaining its energy potential. In this regard, the purpose of researches consisted in studying of a possibility of improvement of the key agrophysical and water-physical indicators of an arable layer of light gray forest soil as making managements of fertility of light-textured soils of Polissya and forming of highly productive agrocenosis of potatoes. Results of researches which were conducted in the conditions of stationary experience "Ecologically safe agrotechnologies" for 2014–2016 years showed that in the conditions of Right-bank Polissya of Ukraine on light gray forest soil transition to moldboardless tillage and application traditional (50 t/hectare of manure and N70P60K70 per culture) and alternative (per culture 50 t/hectare of manure, about 22 t of a green manure crop (Raphanus sativum d. var. oleifera Metrg.), 3 t/hectare of straw + 12.5 kg/hectare of N (compensatory) and N45P50K60 were brought) organo-mineral fertilizer systems create conditions for significant improvement of agrophysical and water-physical indicators of fertility of light gray forest soil. So, at prolonged use of agrotechnologies on the basis of moldboardless and shallow moldboardless tillage without fertilization hardness decreased respectively by 30.0 and 30.9% concerning plowing. However, only on condition of imposing of organo-mineral systems the hardness of the soil decreased up to 16.2-17.5 kg/cm2 (not very dense), having provided comfortable conditions for growth and development of root systems of plants in a layer of 0-20 cm. The specified options of agrotechnologies promoted decrease in equilibrium density in a layer of 0-20 cm to optimum values (1.25–1.31 g/cm3), to significant improvement of coefficient of degree of structure and increase in reserves of productive moisture. Thus, only use of agrotechnologies based on moldboardless tillage of soil and organo-mineral fertilizer systems provides significant improvement of agrophysical and water-physical indicators. It correlates with results of accounting of a harvest of tubers of potatoes as during the period of researches advantage of agrotechnologies, which are based on moldboardless tillage it was shown only on options where organo-mineral systems were applied. Further studies should focus on the development of an optimization model for the formation of high productivity and sustainability of potato agrocenosis, including in the organic production system.