Heavy metal pollution: Insights into chromium eco-toxicity and recent advancement in its remediation
2021
Sharma, Nitika | Sodhi, Kushneet Kaur | Mohit, Kumar | Singh, Dileep Kumar
Metal contamination has become the cause of global concern. HMs are serious contaminants and their increasing lethality is a global issue for ecological, environmental, evolutionary, and nutritional reasons. Their multiple application in several areas like the mining industry, agricultural fields, domestic and industrial wastes, acid batteries, hospital wastes, coal, pesticides, incineration, volcanic emissions, etc. leads to an immense discharge into the ecosystem. Among the HMs, Cr is considered a human carcinogen. Cr exists mainly in two stable forms as trivalent Cr(III) and hexavalent Cr(VI). Bioaccumulation of Cr(VI), can lead to teratogenesis and mutagenesis. Occupational and environmental exposure to Cr(VI) can cause multiple organ toxicity eg., renal damage, allergy, asthma, and cancer of the respiratory tract in humans. Irritation and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine, anemia, damage of the male reproductive system. Herein, we review the ecotoxicity and sources of HMs in the environment with a special reference to Cr. The toxicity of the Cr along with the recent studies in the removal has been discussed. Recent advancement in Cr remediation with major enlightenment on bioremediation and phytoremediation technologies utilized in a different domain (soil, air, water) of the environment.
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