Soil-Atmosphere Exchange of N₂O and NO in Near-Natural Savanna and Agricultural Land in Burkina Faso (W. Africa)

In a combined field and laboratory study in the southwest of Burkina Faso, we quantified soil-atmosphere N₂O and NO exchange. N₂O emissions were measured during two field campaigns throughout the growing seasons 2005 and 2006 at five different experimental sites, that is, a natural savanna site and four agricultural sites planted with sorghum (n = 2), cotton and peanut. The agricultural fields were not irrigated and not fertilized. Although N₂O exchange mostly fluctuated between -2 and 8 μg N₂O-N m⁻² h⁻¹, peak N₂O emissions of 10-35 μg N₂O-N m⁻² h⁻¹ during the second half of June 2005, and up to 150 μg N₂O-N m⁻² h⁻¹ at the onset of the rainy season 2006, were observed at the native savanna site, whereas the effect of the first rain event on N₂O emissions at the crop sites was low or even not detectable. Additionally, a fertilizer experiment was conducted at a sorghum field that was divided into three plots receiving different amounts of N fertilizer (plot A: 140 kg N ha⁻¹; plot B: 52.5 kg N ha⁻¹; plot C: control). During the first 3 weeks after fertilization, only a minor increase in N₂O emissions at the two fertilized plots was detected. After 24 days, however, N₂O emission rates increased exponentially at plot A up to a mean of 80 μg N₂O-N m⁻² h⁻¹, whereas daily mean values at plot B reached only 19 μg N₂O-N m⁻² h⁻¹, whereas N₂O flux rates at plot C remained unchanged. The calculated annual N₂O emission of the nature reserve site amounted to 0.52 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ in 2005 and to 0.67 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ in 2006, whereas the calculated average annual N₂O release of the crop sites was only 0.19 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ and 0.20 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ in 2005 and 2006, respectively. In a laboratory study, potential N₂O and NO formation under different soil moisture regimes were determined. Single wetting of dry soil to medium soil water content with subsequent drying caused the highest increase in N₂O and NO emissions with maximum fluxes occurring 1 day after wetting. The stimulating effect lasted for 3-4 days. A weaker stimulation of N₂O and NO fluxes was detected during daily wetting of soil to medium water content, whereas no significant stimulating effect of single or daily wetting to high soil water content (>67% WHCmax) was observed. This study demonstrates that the impact of land-use change in West African savanna on N trace gas emissions is smaller--with the caveat that there could have been potentially higher N₂O and NO emissions during the initial conversion--than the effect of timing and distribution of rainfall and of the likely increase in nitrogen fertilization in the future.