Nitrogen footprints: Regional realities and options to reduce nitrogen loss to the environment
2017
Shibata, Hideaki | Galloway, James N. | Leach, Allison M. | Cattaneo, Lia R. | Cattell Noll, Laura | Erisman, J. W. (Jan Willem) | Gu, Baojing | Liang, Xia | Hayashi, Kentaro | Ma, Lin | Dalgaard, Tommy | Graversgaard, Morten | Chen, Deli | Nansai, Keisuke | Shindo, Junko | Matsubae, Kazuyo | Oita, Azusa | Su, Ming-Chien | Mishima, Shin-Ichiro | Bleeker, Albert
Nitrogen (N) management presents a sustainability dilemma: N is strongly linked to energy and food production, but excess reactive N causes environmental pollution. The N footprint is an indicator that quantifies reactive N losses to the environment from consumption and production of food and the use of energy. The average per capita N footprint (calculated using the N-Calculator methodology) of ten countries varies from 15 to 47 kg N capita⁻¹ year⁻¹. The major cause of the difference is the protein consumption rates and food production N losses. The food sector dominates all countries’ N footprints. Global connections via trade significantly affect the N footprint in countries that rely on imported foods and feeds. The authors present N footprint reduction strategies (e.g., improve N use efficiency, increase N recycling, reduce food waste, shift dietary choices) and identify knowledge gaps (e.g., the N footprint from nonfood goods and soil N process).
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