The Effect of Cadmium Pollution on Clay Minerals Transformation in Wheat Rhizospheric Soil

Introduction In addition to the minerals, weathering in soil which depends on soil forming factors and processes, plants rhizosphere release components which affect soil minerals and finally their weathering. If the soil is polluted by heavy metals, root exudates will be influenced resulting in decreasing microbial activity. Many studies showed minerals weathering in rhizospheric medium for both natural soils and pure clay minerals but information about the effect of pollution of rhizosphere on clay minerals weathering is limited. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of cadmium pollution on the transformation of clay minerals in wheat rhizosphere in a dominant soil of Shahrekord plain (Chaharmahal soil series).Materials and methods Soil samples were collected from 0-20 cm depth of Chaharmahal soil series based on the 1:50,000 scale soil map. A factorial experiment as completely randomized design with three replications and three cadmium levels (0, 5, and 10 mg kg-1 from cadmium) was performed in two environments including bulk soil and rhizospheric soil (18 samples in total) in greenhouse conditions for 16 weeks. Necessary care was taken during the growth period and the soil moisture was kept constant at the field capacity. At harvest time, the rhizosphere soil was separated from bulk soil. Then, the soil samples were air dried and passed through a 2 mm sieve. The mineralogy was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the studied soil after plant harvest (including rhizospheric soil and bulk soil) in unpolluted samples. Then, results were compared with minerals in polluted rhizosphere media. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and pH in the rhizosphere and bulk soils were also determined.Results and Discussion The results showed that the effect of contamination on soil pH was not significant but the pH value in rhizosphere soil was significantly lower than the bulk soil. The average pH in the soil was 7.8 and in the rhizosphere reduced to 7.5. The interaction of medium (rhizosphere and bulk soil) and contamination on the amount of dissolved organic carbon was significant (p < 0.01). The amount of dissolved organic carbon in the rhizosphere at 170.6 mg Kg-1 was significantly higher than the bulk soil (104.6 mg kg-1), which could be due to root secretions. In the rhizosphere, increasing the contamination level to 5 mg kg-1 decreased by 19% and contamination of 10 mg kg-1 caused a 21% decrease in dissolved organic carbon. The amount of dissolved organic carbon in the rhizosphere was 39% higher than the bulk soil. The average of dissolved organic carbon in the rhizosphere and bulk soil was 170.6 and 104.6 mg kg-1, respectively. Based on mineralogical results, mica, smectite, chlorite, kaolinite and palygorskite minerals were detected in the bulk soil. Comparison of clay minerals samples in the bulk soil and rhizosphere showed that the trioctahedral chlorite transformed to hydroxy-interlayer vermiculite (HIV) in the rhizosphere soil. The presence of HIV was identified by an increase in the intensity ratio of the 10 and 14 angstrom peaks after K-saturation. In rhizospheric soils, the intensity of the 14 angstrom peak decreases in K-550ºC treatment. Furthermore, in the rhizospheric soils, a clear increase in the intensity of the 10 angstrom peak was observed from K-air dried to K-550ºC treatments which can be related to the presence of HIV which can be attributed to the changing conditions of the rhizosphere, including reducing pH and increasing the dissolved organic carbon and the activity of microorganisms. Comparison of diffractograms for clay fraction of rhizospheric soil with different contamination levels after cultivation showed that the type of minerals in contaminated levels was similar to non-contaminated conditions, but the amount of trioctahedral chlorite was the highest in higher contaminated soil. The peak intensity of 14 angstrom in potassium saturated sample heated at 550°C was lower in non-contaminated soil. Also, at the level of 10 mg kg-1 cadmium contamination, the chlorite peak had the highest intensity which indicates less chlorite was transformed to HIV in the contaminated soils.ConclusionsThe results showed that DOC in the rhizosphere soil was significantly higher than the bulk soil, whereas pH significantly decreased in the rhizosphere soil compared to the bulk soil. In both the rhizosphere and the bulk soils, increasing the contamination caused a decreasing trend in dissolved organic carbon. Mineralogical results of the rhizospheric and the bulk soils showed that trioctahedral chlorite was transformed to hydroxy-interlayer vermiculite (HIV). In addition, rhizosphere contamination reduced the chlorite transformation. The results suggest that soil contamination with a negative impact on plant activity and soil could even prevent the availability of nutrients from the clay minerals structure.