Is Greenhouse Rainwater Harvesting Enough to Satisfy the Water Demand of Indoor Crops? Application to the Bolivian Altiplano

As many other regions worldwide, the Bolivian Altiplano has to cope with water scarcity during dry periods, which in turn impacts on crop production as flood irrigation is overwhelmingly extended in the region. Since farming is the main income in the Altiplano for most families, the availability of greenhouses with water harvesting systems may represent a solution to warrant all year round production and food access. We study the daily satisfied water demand from a balance between rainfall collected by a greenhouse roof and water used for indoor crop irrigation assuming a tank is available for water storage. This balance is analyzed for 25 greenhouses spread over Batallas Municipality, close to Titicaca Lake, Bolivia, and for two case studies: (i) using irrigation data collected from farmers in the frame of a regional project; (ii) using theoretical daily water requirements assuming an intense greenhouse farming. Our evaluation includes a sensitivity analysis of relevant parameters, such as the influence of the time window of rainfall used in the simulation, the runoff coefficient, the roof surface area, the irrigation drip system, the irrigation frequency, the crop coefficient, the volume of water used for crop irrigation, and the capacity of the water tank. Overall, we find that the runoff coefficient has little impact on the satisfied demand rate, while all other parameters can play an important role depending on the greenhouse considered. Some greenhouses are able to irrigate crops normally during the wet season, while during the dry season, greenhouses are not able to satisfy more than 50% of the theoretical water requirements, even when large tanks are considered. Based on these results, we recommend the construction of greenhouses with a ground surface of <50 m2 attached to the largest available covered water tank. The information here provided can be used by stakeholders to decide their policies of investment in infrastructures in the Altiplano. Finally, the approach we follow can be applied to any other region where rainfall, temperature, and greenhouse data are available.

J.-M.S thanks the financial support by Generalitat Valenciana and the European Social Fund (ESF) through the APOSTD/2020/254 grant. All authors thank funding from Generalitat Valenciana, Consellería de Participación, Transparencia, Cooperación y Calidad democrática, and from the University of Alicante, Vicerrectorado de Relaciones Internacionales y Cooperación para el Desarrollo. J.-M.S., V.A., C.E.Q., and J.-P.B.L. acknowledge support from the project “Pequeños Proyectos de Investigación” to the awarded project: “¿Son los invernaderos socioeconómica y ambientalmente sostenibles? Evaluación diagnóstico para optimizar la eficiencia de uso de agua y aprovechar el potencial productivo de los invernaderos instalados en el municipio de Batallas”, funded by Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo-La Paz.