Metatranscriptomics Unravel Composition, Drivers, and Functions of the Active Microorganisms in Light-Flavor Liquor Fermentation

ABSTRACT The microbial community in the fermented pit determines the quantity and quality of light-flavor liquor. Genetic diversity and the potential functions of the microbial community are often analyzed by DNA-based omics sequencing. However, the features of the active microbial community have not been systematically studied. Here, metatranscriptomic analysis was performed to elucidate the active microbial composition, drivers, and their functions in light-flavor liquor fermentation. Bacterial genera, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Pediococcus, Thermotoga, and Faecalibacterium, and fungal genera, Saccharomyces, Talaromyces, Aspergillus, Clavispora, Rhizophagus, Cyberlindnera, and Wickerhamomyces, were the dominant active microorganisms during the fermentation process. Additionally, they dominated the three-stage fermentation successively. Redundancy analysis showed that pH, ethanol, moisture, and starch were the main driving forces of microbial succession. Among the genes for the respective carbohydrate-active enzyme families, those for the glycoside hydrolase family 23, the glycosyltransferase family 2, the carbohydrate-binding module family 50, the polysaccharide lyase family 4, the auxiliary activity family 1, and the carbohydrate esterase family 9 showed the highest expression level. Additionally, the highly expressed enzymes and their contributed microorganisms were found in the key KEGG pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Based on these data, a functional model of carbohydrate hydrolysis, ethanol production, and flavor generation were proposed. Taken together, Saccharomyces, Lactobacillus, Wickerhamomyces, Pediococcus, Candida, and Faecalibacterium were suggested as the core active microorganisms. Overall, our findings provide new insights into the composition, drivers, and functions of the active microorganisms, which is crucial for improving the quality of light-flavor liquor. IMPORTANCE There is an urgent need for discovering the diversity and functions of the active microbial community in solid-state fermentation, especially in the pit of Chinese distilled liquor fermentation. Although the genetic composition of the microbial community has been clarified frequently by DNA-based sequencing, the composition and functions of the active microbial community have not been systematically revealed so far. Therefore, analysis of RNA-based data is crucial for discovering the functional microbial community. In this study, we employed metatranscriptomic analysis to elucidate the active microbial composition, successive drivers, and their functions in light-flavor liquor fermentation. The strategy can be broadly useful for discovering the active microbial community and exploring their functions in other types of flavor distilled liquor or other ecosystems. This study provides new insights into the understanding of the active microbial community composition and its functions.