DOUBLE-RING AND TENSION INFILTROMETER MEASUREMENTS OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND MOBILE SOIL REGIONS MEDIDAS DE CONDUTIVIDADE HIDRÁULICA E MOVIMENTO DE ÁGUA NO SOLO POR ANÉIS CONCÊNTRICOS E INFILTRÔMETRO DE TENSÃO

&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; text-decoration: none;" lang="pt-BR"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;There are several field methods and techniques for measuring &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;Ks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="pt-BR"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;In this study, double-ring (DI) and tension infiltrometer (TI) infiltration techniques were combined with dye tracer application and compared for estimating &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="pt-BR"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;K&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="pt-BR"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="pt-BR"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt; and the mobile soil fraction on a structured sandy loam soil (Gleyic Luvisol), in Rostock, Germany. Water was infiltrated into soil by using three methods: DI, TI (without contact with sand), and TI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="pt-BR"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;sand&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="pt-BR"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt; (with contact with sand), until steady-state conditions were obtained. At different positions, three pulse depths of 25 mm, 50 mm, and 100 mm, with a 2 g L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="pt-BR"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;-1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="pt-BR"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt; Brilliant Blue (BB) FCF dye solution, were used. The results showed variable &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="pt-BR"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;K&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="pt-BR"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="pt-BR"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt; values for DI of 820-2,020 cm d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="pt-BR"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;-1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="pt-BR"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;, which were 7 to 13 times higher, when compared to TI values, and 12 to 33 times higher than for TI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="pt-BR"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;sand&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="pt-BR"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;. For the 25 mm and 50 mm BB applications, the mobile (dye-stained) soil regions constituted up to 60% in the top 25 cm and varied little, when considered the infiltration methods. Only the 100 mm application, using the DI, yielded significant BB displacement into the subsoil. Hence, both &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="pt-BR"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;K&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="pt-BR"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="pt-BR"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt; values and their corresponding dye pattern depended on the boundary conditions. For DI, more than 90% of the dye was constrained below the infiltration area, revealing that flow was essentially vertical.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br>&lt;p style="text-align: justify !important;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Existem muitas técnicas e métodos de campo para medir e estimar a condutividade hidráulica saturada do solo (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;). Neste estudo, medidas de condutividade hidráulica (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;K&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;) e movimento de água no solo, pelos métodos anéis concêntricos (DI) e infiltrômetro de tensão (TI), foram avaliados em solo de textura média (Gleyic Luvisol), em Rostock, na Alemanha. Após obtida a estabilidade de infiltração da água, utilizando-se os métodos DI, TI (sem contato com areia) e TI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;sand &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(com contato com areia), três lâminas de 25 mm, 50 mm e 100 mm de solução corada de azul, 2 g L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; Brilliant Blue FCF (BB), foram aplicadas, em diferentes posições, na área. Os resultados mostraram variação nos valores de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;K&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; obtidos por DI de 820-2.020 cm d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, os quais foram de 7 a 13 vezes maiores, quando comparados aos valores com TI, e 12 a 33 vezes maiores, quando comparados com TI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;sand&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. Para as aplicações de 25 mm e 50 mm de BB, o corante concentrou-se 60% na camada de 25 cm e variou pouco entre os métodos de infiltração. Somente para a lâmina de 100 mm, utilizando-se o método DI, observou-se dispersão do corante, atingindo camadas mais profundas. Assim, observou-se que os valores de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;K&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;s &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;e a dispersão de corante dependeram das condições de contorno. Além disto, para o método DI, mais de 90% do corante concentrou-se abaixo da área de infiltração, revelando fluxo vertical preferencial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; text-decoration: none;" lang="pt-BR"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;