The effect of Candida famata and Lactobacillus plantarum on the number of coliforms and the antibiotic resistance and virulence of Escherichia coli in the gut of broilers

This study was undertaken to determine the effect of a yeast (Candida famata) and a bacterium (Lactobacillus plantarum), administered alone or in combination in the drinking water, on the population of yeast, Lactobacillus sp. and coliforms, and the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence genes in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from digesta samples taken throughout the life of broiler chickens. Male (Ross 308) day-old chicks (220) were used. C. famata (isolated from a chicken) and L. plantarum (isolated from a pig) were administered via the drinking water. Water was provided either untreated or with C. famata (CF; 108/ml), L. plantarum (LP; 105–108/ml), or a combination of CF and LP (106–108/ml) in water hoppers on 2 days each week for 35 days. Administering probiotics did not affect the growth performance in broiler chickens. No significant interactions were observed between main effects, and neither CF nor LP had any effect on the population size of Lactobacillus sp. or coliforms. The administration of C. famata increased the population density of yeasts in the small intestine at these ages. The population density of coliforms, Lactobacillus sp. and yeast decreased with age (P < 0.001). There was no significant effect of probiotics on the prevalence of phenotypic AMR and virulence genes in these studies. The prevalence of E. coli that was resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline, as well as carrying ≥3 virulence-associated genes, was greatest at the end of the starter phase (around 8 days old), before declining through the grower and finisher phases. There was only limited evidence that administering either CF or LP affected either the AMR or the virulence of E. coli in the bird. However, tetracycline resistance in E. coli was associated (P < 0.001, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, and P < 0.05) with the carriage of the iron uptake systems of E. coli D, iron-repressible protein, increased serum survival and temperature-sensitive haemagglutinin genes respectively, suggesting that the accumulation of iron and the genetic element conferring tetracycline resistance may be intertwined.