The Mechanisms of Cadmium Stress Mitigation by Fungal Endophytes from Maize Grains

Maize is a crucial staple crop that ensures global food security by supplying essential nutrients. However, heavy metal (HM) contamination inhibits maize growth, reduces output, and affects food security. Some endophytic fungi (EFs) in maize seeds have the potential to enhance growth and increase dry biomass, offering a solution to mitigate the negative effect of HM contamination. Using these functional EFs could help maintain crop production and ensure food safety in HM-contaminated areas. In the present study, the diversity of EFs in corn grains from various HM-contaminated areas in China was studied through culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. We tested the plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits of several dominant culturable isolates and evaluated the growth-promoting effects of these twenty-one isolates through pot experiments. Both studies showed that HM contamination increased the diversity and richness of corn grain EFs and affected the most dominant endophytes. <i>Nigrospora</i> and <i>Fusarium</i> were the most prevalent culturable endophytes in HM-contaminated areas. Conversely, <i>Cladosporium</i> spp. were the most isolated endophytes in non-contaminated areas. Different from this, <i>Saccharomycopsis</i> and <i>Fusarium</i> were the dominant EFs in HM-contaminated sites, while <i>Neofusicoccum</i> and <i>Sarocladium</i> were dominant in non-contaminated sites, according to a culture-independent analysis. PGP trait tests indicated that 70% of the tested isolates (forty-two) exhibited phosphorus solubilization, IAA production, or siderophore production activity. Specifically, 90% of the tested isolates from HM-contaminated sites showed better PGP results than 45% of the isolates from non-contaminated sites. The benefit of the twenty-one isolates on host plant growth was further studied through pot experiments, which showed that all the isolates could improve host plant growth. Among them, strains derived from HM-contaminated sites, including AK18 (<i>Nigrospora</i>), AK32 (<i>Beauveria</i>), SD93 (<i>Gibberellia</i>), and SD64 (<i>Fusarium</i>), had notable effects on enhancing the dry biomass of shoots and roots of maize under Cd stress. We speculate that the higher ratio of PGP EFs in corn grains from HM-contaminated areas may explain their competitiveness in such extreme environments. <i>Fusarium</i> and <i>Cladosporium</i> isolates show high PGP properties, but they can also be phytopathogenic. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate their pathogenic properties and safety for crops before considering their practical use in agriculture.