Lipidome Plasticity Enables Unusual Photosynthetic Flexibility in Arctic vs. Temperate Diatoms

The diatom lipidome actively regulates photosynthesis and displays a high degree of plasticity in response to a light environment, either directly as structural modifications of thylakoid membranes and protein–pigment complexes, or indirectly via photoprotection mechanisms that dissipate excess light energy. This acclimation is crucial to maintaining primary production in marine systems, particularly in polar environments, due to the large temporal variations in both the intensity and wavelength distributions of downwelling solar irradiance. This study investigated the hypothesis that Arctic marine diatoms uniquely modify their lipidome, including their concentration and type of pigments, in response to wavelength-specific light quality in their environment. We postulate that Arctic-adapted diatoms can adapt to regulate their lipidome to maintain growth in response to the extreme variability in photosynthetically active radiation. This was tested by comparing the untargeted lipidomic profiles, pigmentation, specific growth rates and carbon assimilation of the Arctic diatom <i>Porosira glacialis</i> vs. the temperate species <i>Coscinodiscus radiatus</i> during exponential growth under red, blue and white light. Here, we found that the chromatic wavelength influenced lipidome remodeling and growth in each strain, with <i>P. glacialis</i> showing effective utilization of red light coupled with increased inclusion of primary light-harvesting pigments and polar lipid classes. These results indicate a unique photoadaptation strategy that enables Arctic diatoms like <i>P. glacialis</i> to capitalize on a wide chromatic growth range and demonstrates the importance of active lipid regulation in the Arctic light environment.