Comparative Analysis and Phylogenetic Relationships of <i>Ceriops</i> Species (Rhizophoraceae) and <i>Avicennia lanata</i> (Acanthaceae): Insight into the Chloroplast Genome Evolution between Middle and Seaward Zones of Mangrove Forests
2022
Panthita Ruang-areerate | Thippawan Yoocha | Wasitthee Kongkachana | Phakamas Phetchawang | Chatree Maknual | Wijarn Meepol | Darunee Jiumjamrassil | Wirulda Pootakham | Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
<i>Ceriops</i> and <i>Avicennia</i> are true mangroves in the middle and seaward zones of mangrove forests, respectively. The chloroplast genomes of <i>Ceriops decandra</i>, <i>Ceriops zippeliana</i>, and <i>Ceriops tagal</i> were assembled into lengths of 166,650, 166,083 and 164,432 bp, respectively, whereas <i>Avicennia lanata</i> was 148,264 bp in length. The gene content and gene order are highly conserved among these species. The chloroplast genome contains 125 genes in <i>A. lanata</i> and 129 genes in <i>Ceriops</i> species. Three duplicate genes (<i>rpl2</i>, <i>rpl23</i>, and <i>trnM-CAU</i>) were found in the IR regions of the three <i>Ceriops</i> species, resulting in expansion of the IR regions. The <i>rpl32</i> gene was lost in <i>C. zippeliana</i>, whereas the <i>infA</i> gene was present in <i>A. lanata</i>. Short repeats (<40 bp) and a lower number of SSRs were found in <i>A. lanata</i> but not in <i>Ceriops</i> species. The phylogenetic analysis supports that all <i>Ceriops</i> species are clustered in Rhizophoraceae and <i>A. lanata</i> is in Acanthaceae. In a search for genes under selective pressures of coastal environments, the <i>rps7</i> gene was under positive selection compared with non-mangrove species. Finally, two specific primer sets were developed for species identification of the three <i>Ceriops</i> species. Thus, this finding provides insightful genetic information for evolutionary relationships and molecular markers in <i>Ceriops</i> and <i>Avicennia</i> species.
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