Intramuscular Fat Selection in Rabbits Modifies the Fatty Acid Composition of Muscle and Liver Tissues

This study was conducted on two rabbit lines divergently selected for intramuscular fat (IMF) content in the <i>Longissimus thoracis et lumborum</i> (<i>LTL</i>) muscle. The aim was to estimate the direct response to selection for IMF after 10 generations, and the correlated responses in carcass quality traits, meat fatty acid content, liver fat and its fatty acid content, and in plasma metabolic markers related to liver metabolism. Selection for IMF content was successful, showing a direct response equivalent to 3.8 SD of the trait after 10 generations. The high-IMF line (H) showed a greater dissectible fat percentage than the low-IMF line (L), with a relevant difference (D_H-L = 0.63%, P_r = 1). No difference was found in liver fat content (D_H-L = −0.04, P₀ = 0.62). The fatty acid content of both <i>LTL</i> muscle and liver was modified after selection. The <i>LTL</i> muscle had greater saturated (SFA; D_H-L = 5.05, P_r = 1) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; D_H-L = 5.04, P_r = 1) contents in the H line than in the L line. No relevant difference was found in polyunsaturated fatty acids content (PUFA; P_r = 0.05); however, greater amounts of C18:2n6 (D_H-L = 3.03, P_r = 1) and C18:3n3 (D_H-L = 0.56, P_r = 1) were found in the H than in the L line. The liver presented greater MUFA (D_H-L = 1.46) and lower PUFA (D_H-L = −1.46) contents in the H than in the L line, but the difference was only relevant for MUFA (P_r = 0.86). The odd-chain saturated fatty acids C15:0 and C17:0 were more abundant in the liver of the L line than in the liver of the H line (D_H-L = −0.04, P_r = 0.98 for C15:0; D_H-L = −0.09, P_r = 0.92 for C17:0). Greater concentrations of plasma triglycerides (D_H-L = −34) and cholesterol (D_H-L = −3.85) were found in the L than in the H line, together with greater plasma concentration of bile acids (D_H-L = −2.13). Nonetheless, the difference was only relevant for triglycerides (P_r = 0.98).