Using a Combination of High-Frequency Coastal Radar Dataset and Satellite Imagery to Study the Patterns Involved in the Coastal Countercurrent Events in the Gulf of Cadiz

© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

This study exploits the combination of High-Frequency Coastal Radar (HFR) information with satellite-derived observations to characterize the patterns involved in the coastal countercurrents (CCCs) events in the Gulf of Cadiz (GoC), which is situated in the SW of the Iberian Peninsula. The westward alongshore currents are observed throughout the year, but the main drivers necessary to develop this flow and its extension in both parts of the basin are not fully clear. In order to identify the main physical processes (both local and remote) that induce the development of these countercurrents and to evaluate the connection of the circulation patterns between the eastern and the western part of the GoC, we make use of several data sources available for the region. First of all, a land-based system of HFR antennas located at four different sites of the GoC provides the velocity field of the surface circulation of the basin. To achieve a significant characterization of the CCCs in the Gulf, the dataset analyzed is processed by means of a series of operations, including the Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs) analysis used to identify spatial and temporal variability of the flow, a low-pass filter used to isolate the sub-inertial signal of the current and temporal interpolation to fill in the missing values. Secondly, given the known importance of the zonal component of the local winds combined with the variations in the mean pressure at sea level over the Western Mediterranean during these events, time series of meteorological data are processed and correlated with the current velocity series via a statistical analysis. Finally, sea surface temperature fields and chlorophyll-a distribution patterns are used as tracers to obtain information on the extension of the countercurrents where HFR data are missing in four cases studied during the year 2017. The conducted analysis revealed the consistent occurrence of westward coastal currents throughout the year, driven in the most intense cases by a combination of the zonal component of the local wind and atmospheric pressure fluctuations over the Western Mediterranean Sea. During those events, CCCs reached the Portuguese side of the Gulf and facilitated the advection of biological material and warmer waters.

This work has been partially developed within the framework of the Spanish National Research Plan through the project TRUCO (RTI1018-100865-B-C22), the Excellence Project of the Regional Government of Andalusia (PY20-00244) and the Project of the Autonomous Organization for National Parks (OAPN-2715/2021).

Peer reviewed