Response of soil microbial communities to agroecological versus conventional systems of extensive agriculture

World population growth has led to a rise in resource demands imposed on agricultural systems, generating an increased global use of natural resources. However, agroecology proposes self-regulation in order to achieve a sustainable agricultural balance. Therefore, considering the rapid responses of microbial communities to small changes in soil use, the objective of this study was to assess the response of soil microbial communities to agroecological vs. conventional systems of extensive agriculture. Soil sampling was carried out in 2016 and 2017 with three different treatments using the sequence soybean/maize (Glycine max L./Zea mays L.) as the main crop: Agroecological (AE), conventional with cover crops (CC) and conventional without cover crops (control). Species used as cover crops were wheat (Triticum aestivum), vetch (Vicia sativa L.), oat (Avena sativa L.) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Agroecological treatment showed the lowest total nitrogen (0.18 mg N g−1) and organic carbon (1.99 mg C g−1) content of soil, and CC treatment showed the highest value of fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, with values 63.2% and 12.1% higher than AE and the control, respectively. However, AE treatment also produced the highest F:B ratio (44.8) and the lowest metabolic quotient (1.14), which indicates an improvement in metabolic efficiency and soil quality. No significant differences were recorded in the abundance of fungal and bacterial communities between treatments. Our results suggest that agroecological management is characterised by fungal dominance in soil microbial communities and a higher microbial metabolic efficiency compared to conventional management. These results demonstrate more efficient use of carbon substrates in agroecological systems, which could counteract the negative effect of the lack of synthetic fertilisation and reduced-tillage in the long term. The findings demonstrate that sustainable agricultural tools with adequate management can be effectively used to preserve soil quality.

EEA Pergamino

Fil: Chavarria, Diego N. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Fil: Pérez Brandan, Carolina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina.

Fil: Serri, Dannae Lilia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina.

Fil: Meriles, José M. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV- CONICET); Argentina.

Fil: Restovich, Silvina Beatriz. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Laboratorio Suelo; Argentina.

Fil: Andriulo, Adrian Enrique. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Laboratorio Suelo; Argentina.

Fil: Jacquelin, Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Laboratorio Suelo; Argentina.

Fil: Vargas Gil, Silvina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina.