Acumulación de plomo, cromo y cadmio en suelo y fruto de uvilla (Physalis peruvlana) regados con el agua del río Pichaví

Los niveles de plomo, cromo y cadmio en el agua y suelo pueden movilizarse hacia las plantas y por sus características no biodegradables y toxicidad que ejercen sobre los diferentes cultivos pueden resultar peligrosos para la salud. La presente investigación evalúo la acumulación de estos metales traza en el suelo y fruto de uvilla (Physalis peruviana) regadas con agua del Río Pichaví durante los meses de noviembre, diciembre 2016 y enero 2017. Se validó los resultados de los análisis de suelo y agua referente a los metales pesados plomo y cadmio comprendido entre los meses de abril a julio de 2018. Se tomaron muestras de aguas, suelo y fruto en tres puntos de muestreo diferentes: zona alta (Domingo Sabio), zona media (La Portada) y zona baja (Pilchibuela), al realizar el análisis por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica se determinó que el nivel de plomo en agua no es detectable, mientras que para el cadmio, el nivel más alto encontrado está en el orden de 0.034 mg/l el cual se sigue manteniendo dentro de la norma, en cuanto al cromo observamos que sobrepasa los límites máximo permisibles con un valor de 11.8 mg/l. superando los datos del Registro Oficial - Edición Especial Nº 387 de 04 de noviembre de 2015, anexo 1 del Libro VI del Texto Unificado de Legislación Secundaria del Ministerio del Ambiente: Norma de Calidad Ambiental y de Descarga de Efluentes al Recurso Agua\; Parámetros de los Niveles de la Calidad de Agua para Riego. El análisis de suelo presentó las mayores concentraciones de cromo con 19.17 mg/kg en la zona baja del Rio Pichaví en el mes de enero, para cadmio fue de 0.068 mg/kg en la zona alta del rio Pichaví en el mes de enero y no se observó plomo, se pudo determinar que en cuanto al suelo no sobrepasa los límites máximos para suelo según el Registro Oficial -Edición Especial Nº 387 de 04 de Noviembre de 2015, anexo 2 del Libro VI del Texto Unificado de Legislación Secundaria del Ministerio del Ambiente: Norma de Calidad Ambiental del Recurso Suelo y Criterios de Remediación para Suelos Contaminados. Además, esta investigación estableció que el fruto de uvilla (Physalis peruviana) presenta cromo en el mes de enero en la zona media del rio Pichaví con el valor más alto de 7.3 mg/kg, cadmio presentó su mayor concentración con 0.030 mg/kg en el mes de noviembre en la zona baja del rio Pichaví, basandose en la Legislación Internacional de Contenidos Máximos en Metales Pesados en Productos Alimenticios de la Unión Europea- Revisión 2019 y no se encontró plomo en el fruto. Como uno de los cultivos de mayor importancia para la exportación en la zona, la concentración de metales puede afectar su comercialización.

The levels of lead, chromium and cadmium in water and soil can be mobilized towards plants and because of their non-biodegradable characteristics and toxicity can be dangerous for health. The present investigation evaluated the accumulation of these trace metals in the soil and fruit of uvilla (Physalis peruviana) irrigated with water from the Pichaví River during the months of November, December 2016 and January 2017. The results of the soil and water analyzes were validated referring to lead and cadmium heavy metals between the months of April to July 2018. Samples of water, soil and fruit were taken at three different sampling points: upper zone (Domingo Sabio), middle zone (La Portada) and lower zone (Pilchibuela). Performing the analysis by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, it was determined that the level of lead in water is not detectable, while for cadmium, the highest level found is in the order of 0.034 mg/l which is still maintained within the norm. For the chromium, we observed that it exceeds the maximum permissible limits with a value of 11.8 mg / l. overcoming data from the Official Registry - Special Edition No. 387 of November 4, 2015, Annex 1 of Book VI of the Unified Text of Secondary Legislation of the Ministry of the Environment: Environmental Quality Standard and Discharge of Effluents to the Water Resource\; Parameters of the Water Quality Levels for Irrigation. The soil analysis showed the highest concentrations of chromium with 19.17 mg/kg in the low area of the Pichaví River in the month of January, for cadmium it was 0.068 mg/kg in the upper area of the Pichaví River in the month of January and lead was observed, it could be determined that as far as the soil does not exceed the maximum limits for soil according to the Official Registry Special Edition No. 387 of November 04, 2015, Annex 2 of Book VI of the Unified Text of Secondary Legislation of the Ministry of the Environment : Standard of Environmental Quality of the Soil Resource and Remediation Criteria for Contaminated Soils. In addition, this research established that the fruit of uvilla (Physalis peruviana) presents chromium in the month of January in the middle area of the river Pichaví with the highest value of 7.3 mg/kg, cadmium presented its highest concentration with 0.030 mg/kg in the month of November in the lower area of the Rio Pichaví, based on the International Legislation of Maximum Content in Heavy Metals in Food Products of the European Union- Revision 2019 and no lead was found in the fruit. As one of the most important crops for export in the area, the concentration of metals can affect its commercialization.

The levels of lead, chromium and cadmium in water and soil can be mobilized towards plants and because of their non-biodegradable characteristics and toxicity can be dangerous for health. The present investigation evaluated the accumulation of these trace metals in the soil and fruit of uvilla (Physalis peruviana) irrigated with water from the Pichaví River during the months of November, December 2016 and January 2017. The results of the soil and water analyzes were validated referring to lead and cadmium heavy metals between the months of April to July 2018. Samples of water, soil and fruit were taken at three different sampling points: upper zone (Domingo Sabio), middle zone (La Portada) and lower zone (Pilchibuela). Performing the analysis by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, it was determined that the level of lead in water is not detectable, while for cadmium, the highest level found is in the order of 0.034 mg/l which is still maintained within the norm. For the chromium, we observed that it exceeds the maximum permissible limits with a value of 11.8 mg / l. overcoming data from the Official Registry - Special Edition No. 387 of November 4, 2015, Annex 1 of Book VI of the Unified Text of Secondary Legislation of the Ministry of the Environment: Environmental Quality Standard and Discharge of Effluents to the Water Resource; Parameters of the Water Quality Levels for Irrigation. The soil analysis showed the highest concentrations of chromium with 19.17 mg/kg in the low area of the Pichaví River in the month of January, for cadmium it was 0.068 mg/kg in the upper area of the Pichaví River in the month of January and lead was observed, it could be determined that as far as the soil does not exceed the maximum limits for soil according to the Official Registry Special Edition No. 387 of November 04, 2015, Annex 2 of Book VI of the Unified Text of Secondary Legislation of the Ministry of the Environment : Standard of Environmental Quality of the Soil Resource and Remediation Criteria for Contaminated Soils. In addition, this research established that the fruit of uvilla (Physalis peruviana) presents chromium in the month of January in the middle area of the river Pichaví with the highest value of 7.3 mg/kg, cadmium presented its highest concentration with 0.030 mg/kg in the month of November in the lower area of the Rio Pichaví, based on the International Legislation of Maximum Content in Heavy Metals in Food Products of the European Union- Revision 2019 and no lead was found in the fruit. As one of the most important crops for export in the area, the concentration of metals can affect its commercialization.