Challenges for the development of lowland rivers ecosystem services in the context of sustainable development goals

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development emphasizes the importance of revitalizing freshwater ecosystems to achieve the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Freshwater ecosystems, such as the Svete River in Latvia, offer essential ecosystem services that address environmental, social, and economic sustainability. This study analyses the Svete River’s ecosystem services through the lens of SDGs, identifying opportunities for sustainable development at the municipal level in Jelgava, Latvia. A comprehensive assessment framework for ecosystem services was employed in the study, consisting of three key components. Biophysical assessment was conducted to evaluate the structure and functions of the ecosystem. Social assessment focused on identifying ecosystem services that are most relevant to societal needs. Economic assessment was carried out to quantify the value of ecosystem services, providing an integrated approach to understanding their contributions to sustainable development. Ecosystem services were categorized into supply services (S), environmental and support services (E), and cultural services (C), with each category aligned to specific SDGs. The Svete River plays a vital role in achieving multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In terms of Water Management (SDGs 6, 7, 8, 11), the river supports water supply, energy generation, tourism, and flood control, contributing to disaster resilience and sustainable urban development. For Agriculture and Food Security (SDGs 2, 12), the river enhances agricultural productivity, though intensified activities risk water pollution, conflicting with marine health goals (SDG 14). Regarding Health and Well-being (SDG 3), clean water and recreational services were found to improve societal health, while gaps in sanitation pose risks of disease. The river fosters Education and Equality (SDGs 4, 5) by supporting environmental education and emphasizing women’s significant roles in water management. Contributions to Biodiversity and Climate Protection (SDGs 13, 15) include facilitating carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and climate regulation. Lastly, effective Cross-border Cooperation (SDG 16) and Partnerships (SDG 17) are essential for managing shared water resources and resolving water-related conflicts, underscoring the river’s broader regional and international significance. The Svete River’s ecosystem services are integral to achieving sustainable development, benefiting freshwater ecosystems, downstream urban users, and coastal marine life. Aligning local governance with SDG principles ensures balanced ecological health and socio-economic growth. Promoting ecosystem services through municipal initiatives will expedite progress toward SDG targets while fostering regional sustainability.