Identifying changes in the drivers of ecosystem services: Socioeconomic changes underlie reduced provision of pollination service

The impact of land use changes on ecosystem services (ES) or Nature´s Contributions to People (NCP) is relatively well-known, but the influence of socioeconomic changes on ES remains less clear, especially at larger spatial scales. Multiple socioeconomic factors influence the demand for a service (i.e. higher economic income and human development can increase demand for ES) and the provision of such service (i.e. environmental policies and cultural relationships with nature may enhance access to ES). Such complex relationships require a multidimensional approach to understand the socioeconomic drivers of change of ES. We investigated how socioeconomic drivers affect demand, diversity and provision of crop pollination service. Our Brazil-wide assessment spans a decade (2006-17) and encompasses a period of rapid land use intensification and concentration of land ownership. Our results revealed that the replacement of small and diverse pollinator-dependent farming systems by large pollinator-dependent monocultures has led to deficits in crop pollination services, with demand increasing by 3.3% while diversity and provision have decreased by 16.1 and 22.5%, respectively. These changes are linked to increased wealth concentration and social inequality, as regions that presented concentrated land ownership and limited access to credit were associated with reduced pollination provision. Our study provided a country-wide quantitative assessment of socioeconomic drivers of change in ES to reveal an association between social inequality and reduced ES provision.

Fil: Bergamo, Pedro Joaquim. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil. Jardín Botánico de Rio de Janeiro; Brasil

Fil: Rito, Kátia F.. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo; México. Jardín Botánico de Rio de Janeiro; Brasil

Fil: Agostini, Kayna. Universidade Federal do São Carlos; Brasil

Fil: Deodato da Silva e Silva, Felipe. Instituto Federal de Mato Grosso; Brasil

Fil: Maués, Márcia M.. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria;

Fil: Rech, André R.. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri; Brasil

Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones En Recursos Naturales, Agroecologia y Desarrollo Rural. - Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones En Recursos Naturales, Agroecologia y Desarrollo Rural.; Argentina

Fil: Nic Lughadha, Eimear. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino Unido

Fil: Saraiva, Antônio M.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil

Fil: Tsukahara, Rodrigo Y.. Fundação ABC Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Agropecuário; Brasil

Fil: Felipe Viana, Blandina. Universidade Federal da Bahia; Brasil

Fil: Casas, Grasiela. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil

Fil: Garcia, Edenise. Instituto de Conservação Ambiental; Brasil

Fil: Marques, Marcia C. M.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil

Fil: Maruyama, Pietro K.. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil

Fil: de Moraes, Alice R.. Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Brasil. Jardín Botánico de Rio de Janeiro; Brasil

Fil: Oliveira, Paulo E.. Universidade Federal de Uberlandia;

Fil: Oppata, Alberto K.. Cooperativa Agrícola Mista de Tomé-Açu; Brasil

Fil: Ravena, Nirvia. Universidade Federal do Pará; Brasil

Fil: Tambosi, Leandro R.. Universidad Federal do Abc; Brasil

Fil: Varassin, Isabela G.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil

Fil: Wolowski, Marina. Universidade Federal de Alfenas; Brasil

Fil: Freitas, Leandro. Jardín Botánico de Río de Janeiro; Brasil