A comprehensive review of lipase-catalyzed acidolysis as a method for producing structured glycerides

The production of structured lipids is a current trend in food technology in order to enhance the properties of fats and oils. Lipases have been utilized in many instances for this purpose, in most examples in an immobilized form. In this review, after discussing the different strategies to produce artificial lipids using lipases (esterification, transesterification, interesterification), we have focused on acidolysis. The reaction commences with hydrolysis at one position of the triglyceride molecule and is followed by the esterification between the released hydroxyl group and the target fatty acid (although other carboxylic acids can be used, such as phenolic acid derivatives). This means that water plays a double role, as substrate in the first step and as an undesired by-product in the second one. Therefore, the control of water activity becomes critical in these reactions. This review discusses the advantages, possibilities and drawbacks of this strategy to produce tailor-made designed lipids, summarizing many of the papers related to this strategy. The summarized results show the complexity of this reaction that can make the understanding and reproducibility of the reactions complex if there are no strict controls of all parameters determining the final yields.

We gratefully recognize the financial support from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Spanish Government) (PID2022-136535OB-I00), CNPq (Grants 307809/2020-0, 306253/2023-2, 405418/2021-3) and FAPERGS (grants 21/2551-0002270-1, 22/2551-0000397-4). A.B.M. thanks the Generalitat Valenciana (CIPROM/2021/70) for financial support. We thank Novozymes, and specially R. Martinez, by the kind donation of enzymes. This communication is part of the R + D + i project PID2021-123079OB-I00 funded by MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033