Exudates secreted: Penicillium expansum's means of conquering the external environment
2025
Rocher, Ophélie | Zetina-Serrano, Chrystian | Pichereaux, Carole | Naylies, Claire | Lippi, Yannick | Henrissat, Bernard | Snini, Selma | Oswald, Isabelle P. | Puel, Olivier | Coméra, Christine | Lorber, Sophie | ToxAlim (ToxAlim) ; Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3) ; Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT) ; Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP) ; Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP) ; Université de Toulouse (UT)-Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INP - PURPAN) ; Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP) ; Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Fédération de Recherche Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (FR AIB) ; Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3) ; Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Institut de pharmacologie et de biologie structurale (IPBS) ; Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3) ; Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Fédération de Recherche nationale ProFI (FR ProFI) ; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Architecture et fonction des macromolécules biologiques (AFMB) ; Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU) | Laboratoire de Génie Chimique (LGC) ; Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3) ; Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP) ; Université de Toulouse (UT) | Gerard Cazanave’s Research Association | ANR-17-CE21-0008,PATRISK,REDUCTION DU RISQUE PATULINE GRACE A UNE GESTION INTEGREE ET DURABLE DE LA PRODUCTION DE POMME ET DE PRODUITS DERIVES(2017) | ANR-10-INBS-0008,ProFI,Infrastructure Française de Protéomique(2010)
Penicillium expansum, the causal agent of apple blue rot, produces patulin, a well-known mycotoxin regulated in many countries. When grown on various synthetic media, P. expansum secretes exudates. The release of the latter has been previously described in fungi and contribute to their virulence by secreting toxic specialized metabolites (SMs) into the external environment. Exudates are no longer produced in a mutant deleted for PatL, a transcription factor essential for patulin biosynthesis, suggesting a link between patulin and exudate production. In this context, the content of exudates produced by P. expansum was characterized by metabolomics and proteomics. These analyses revealed 20 SMs such as patulin and citrinin, and 194 proteins in the secretome, mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism to degrade the plant wall, and to build or modify the fungal wall. Four of the secreted proteins (PatE, PatB, PatO, PatF) are involved in patulin biosynthesis, especially PatE, the last enzyme in the patulin biosynthetic pathway. The fact that its substrate, ascladiol, was also present suggests that the final step of patulin secretion may occur outside the fungus. In parallel, a comparative transcriptomic study of wild-type and null mutant ΔpatL strains unveiled that PatL negatively or positively regulated the expression of 294 genes. Among them, 21 genes encode proteins present in exudates, i.e. 11 % of the exudates, including four proteins involved in patulin biosynthesis, but also enzymes involved in starch degradation. Our results suggest a broader role for PatL than the sole regulation of patulin biosynthesis.
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