Green Solutions for Agriculture: Topical and Oral Effect of Botanical Extracts in the Sustainable Management of <i>Plutella xylostella</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

The growing demand for sustainable phytosanitary products has renewed interest in botanical insecticides as viable pest control tools. Amid rising demand for sustainable crop protection, this study screens Cerrado plants traditionally used in medicine to pinpoint bioactive compounds that could replace synthetic pesticides. These products have complex chemical compositions, with compounds acting synergistically through multiple mechanisms, including oral (ingestion of allelochemicals) and topical (contact of allelochemicals on epidermis) toxicity. This study evaluated the oral and topical toxicity of aqueous leaf extracts from <i>Anemopaegma arvense</i> (AEAa), <i>Coussarea hydrangeifolia</i> (AECh), <i>Tapirira guianensis</i> (AETg), and <i>Duguetia furfuracea</i> (AEDf) on <i>Plutella xylostella</i>. In the oral toxicity test, first-instar larvae were fed treated diets until pupation, with biological parameters monitored until adulthood. The extracts caused an average of 45% larval mortality, reduced pupal duration, and lowered egg production. In the topical toxicity test, only the extract from <i>T. guianensis</i> showed significant effect (<i>p</i> = 0.0171), causing 30% mortality in third-instar larvae. The other extracts showed no significant topical toxicity, and AECh showed no lethal or sublethal effects at all. Phytochemical screening was assessed by quantitative spectrophotometric assays, and semi-quantitative classical colorimetric tests. Major compound classes identified were tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, coumarins, and alkaloids. These findings highlight the potential of the evaluated plant extracts for pest control, particularly via ingestion, while also underscoring the need for further studies to better understand their efficacy and mechanisms of action.