Vapor and Liquid Phase Profiles of Essential Oils from Abies, Picea and Pinus Species and Their Phytotoxic Interactions with Weed Growth in Pre- and Post-Emergence Conditions
2023
Stefania Garzoli | Valentina Vaglia | Marcello Iriti | Sara Vitalini
The chemical content of essential oils (EO) obtained from the leaves of four Pinaceae (Abies alba, Picea abies, Pinus cembra and Pinus mugo) was investigated by SPME-GC-MS technique. The vapor phase was characterized by the monoterpenes with values higher than 95.0%. Among them, &alpha:-pinene (24.7&ndash:48.5%), limonene (17.2&ndash:33.1%) and &beta:-myrcene (9.2&ndash:27.8%) were the most abundant. The monoterpenic fraction prevailed over the sesquiterpenic one (&ge:74.7%) in the EO liquid phase. Limonene was the major compound in A. alba (30.4%), P. abies (20.3%) and P. mugo (78.5%), while &alpha:-pinene in P. cembra (36.2%). Regarding the phytotoxic properties, EOs were studied at different doses (2&ndash:100 &mu:L) and concentrations (2&ndash:20/100 &mu:L/mL). All EOs were found to be significantly active (p-value ˂: 0.05) against the two recipient species in a dose-dependent way. In pre-emergence tests, germination of Lolium multiflorum and Sinapis alba was reduced by up to 62&ndash:66% and 65&ndash:82%, respectively, as well as their growth by up to 60&ndash:74% and 65&ndash:67%, due to the effects of compounds in both the vapor and liquid phases. In post-emergence conditions, at the highest concentration, the phytotoxicity of EOs caused heavy symptoms and, in the case of S. alba, A. alba EO completely destroyed (100%) the treated seedlings.
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