Genome Survey of Male Rana dybowskii to Further Understand the Sex Determination Mechanism

Rana dybowskii is one of the important aquaculture species in Northeast China. The fallopian tubes of female R. dybowskii are used to prepare oviductus ranae (an important traditional Chinese medicine). Therefore, R. dybowskii females have higher economical value than males. An increasing female R. dybowskii population can increase the benefits from R. dybowskii culture. However, the genome of amphibians is complex, making it difficult to investigate their sex determination mechanism. In this study, we analyzed the genome of male R. dybowskii using next-generation sequencing technology. A total of 200,046,452,400 bp of clean data were obtained, and the K-mer analysis indicated that the depth was 50&times:. The genome size of R. dybowskii was approximately 3585.05 M, with a heterozygosity rate, repeat sequence ratio, and genome GC content of 1.15%, 68.96%, and approximately 43.0%, respectively. In total, 270,785 contigs and 498 scaffolds were generated. The size of the contigs and scaffolds was 3,748,543,415 and 3,765,862,278 bp, respectively, with the N50 length of 31,988 and 336,385,783. The longest contig and scaffold were of the size 137,967,485 and 1,808,367,828 bp, respectively. The number of contigs and scaffolds &gt: 10K nt was 99,620 and 451, respectively. Through annotation, 40,913 genes were obtained, including 156,609 CDS (i.e., 3.83 CDS per gene). Sequence alignment was performed with the assembled scaffolding genome in this study. Two and one fragment had high homology with two male-specific DNA molecular markers of R. dybowskii discovered previously (namely, MSM-222 and MSM-261, respectively). In addition, the Dmrt1 gene of R. dybowskii was obtained with a length of 18,893 bp by comparison and splicing. The forward primers amplifying MSM-222 and MSM-261 were located at 322&ndash:343 and 14,501&ndash:14,526 bp of Dmrt1, respectively. However, sequence alignment revealed that MSM-222 and MSM-261 were not located on Dmrt1, and only some homologous parts were observed. This indicated that in addition to Dmrt1, other important genes may play a crucial role in the sex determination mechanism of R. dybowskii. Our study provided a foundation for the subsequent high-quality genome construction and provided important genomic resources for future studies on R. dybowskii.