Methodological Framework for Sediment Management in Developing Countries: Shifting the Paradigm from Waste to Resource

This study delves into the quality and quantity of sediment in the Great Ba&#269:ka Canal near Vrbas, examining its physicochemical composition over a span of twenty years. The primary aim is to enhance sediment monitoring and risk assessment methodologies while advocating for a paradigm shift in sediment management&mdash:from treating sediments as waste to recognizing them as valuable resources. Analyzing sediment samples for heavy metals, including mercury, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, zinc, nickel, and copper, alongside polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), provides insights into contamination levels and trends. The results revealed that the concentrations of mercury, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead were within the second risk class, indicating that there was no immediate environmental hazard, but ongoing monitoring is necessary. Zinc levels, after initial exceedance, have decreased and are now within acceptable limits, whereas nickel concentrations, though reduced, remain a potential ecological risk. Copper levels persistently exceed remediation thresholds, indicating severe contamination that requires intervention. PAH concentrations were generally below regulatory limits, suggesting moderate pollution with no significant threat to benthic communities. This study highlights the effectiveness of recent pollution control measures, but underscores ongoing challenges in sediment management. This study highlights the need for more integrated and sustainable sediment management approaches that align with international standards and circular economy principles. Recommendations include adopting comprehensive regulatory frameworks, exploring beneficial uses of sediment, and fostering innovation in sediment reuse to enhance environmental outcomes and sustainability.