Floral Preferences of Butterflies Based on Plant Traits: A Case Study in the National Botanical Garden, Godawari, Nepal

Butterflies have nectar-feeding preferences based on various floral characteristics, including flower shape, size, color, fragrance, and nectar composition, which in turn affect their survival, reproduction, and roles in pollination. The National Botanical Garden (NBG) in Lalitpur, Nepal, holds a variety of flowering plants and butterfly populations, providing a suitable study site to test the hypotheses on floral preferences of butterflies. This study assessed the floral preferences of the butterfly community in the NBG based on flower color, the origin of flowering plants (native and alien), and the type of plants (herbs and shrubs). It also tested the association between butterfly proboscis lengths and corolla tube lengths of flowers. Data were collected from 10 blocks (each 5 &times: 5 m2) through direct observation during the spring and autumn seasons, from March to October 2022. A total of 24 species of butterflies were recorded during the study period, with the chocolate pansy (Junonia iphita) being the most abundant. The relative abundance of pink flowers was higher in the NBG, but the butterflies&rsquo: visitation frequency was significantly higher on yellow flowers (p &lt: 0.05) than on other colors. The visitation frequencies of butterflies significantly varied with the flowers&rsquo: origin and types. Butterflies visited flowers of alien origin more frequently than native ones (p &lt: 0.05) and those of herbs over shrubs (p &lt: 0.05). Flowers from alien plants, such as Calluna vulgaris and Viola tricolor, were among the most frequently visited. The proboscis length of butterflies showed a significantly strong positive correlation with the corolla tube length of flowers (&tau: = 0.74, p &lt: 0.001). These results can inform conservation practices and garden management strategies aimed at supporting butterfly diversity through the intentional selection of floral resources.