Reckoning Groundwater Quality and Hydrogeochemical Processes for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes under the Influence of Anthropogenic Activities, North India

The present study was carried out near an industrial area with a high-density urban population and large-scale agricultural activities. These anthropogenic activities lead to groundwater pollution and depletion of the water table. This study attempted to classify pollution sources and hydrochemical facies that help to ensure the suitability of water for agriculture and drinking. Irrigation suitability indexes, water quality index (WQI), principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were applied to twenty-six groundwater samples that were analysed during May 2018 for major cations and anion concentrations. The results revealed that the mechanism of groundwater chemistry has been controlled by the evaporation process with the dominance of hydrochemical facies viz., Ca-Mg-HCO_3, Na-K-Cl-SO_4, Ca-Mg-Cl, and Na-K-HCO₃. The mean dominant concentration for cations is in the order of Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ while anions are HCO₃⁻ > SO₄⁻ > Cl⁻ > NO₃⁻ > CO₃²⁻ > F⁻. Irrigation suitability indexes indicated that groundwater in the study area is high in saline and low to medium alkali hazards due to industrial activities. The PCA and HCA also recognized that most of the variations are elucidated by anthropogenic processes, predominantly due to excessive population, industrial emissions, and agricultural activities. Further, the WQI of the study area suggested that 15% of the samples were unsuitable, 69% poor, and the remaining 16% only suitable for drinking purposes. The present article helps to understand the suitability and hydrochemical processes of groundwater for irrigation and drinking, which will help policymakers in water supply planning and management.