High Reproducibility and Agreement of Meal Duration, Number of Chews, and Chewing Tempo Measured with a Standardized Test Meal

Background/Aim: To date, there have been no data regarding the reproducibility or agreement of meal duration when a test meal is eaten. To confirm the reproducibility and agreement of the meal duration, number of chews, chewing tempo, and number of bites of a test meal, we performed a prospective observation study. Methods: We measured the duration, number of chews, chewing tempo, and number of bites of a test meal (salmon bento) among 33 participants (male: 15: female: 18) aged 20&ndash:60 years who ate twice at 2-week intervals to verify the agreement (by Bland-Altman (BA) analysis) and reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)) by sex. Results: The meal duration (s) and number of bites (times) were significantly greater in the female group (560.4 (128.7) and 731.9 (266.3), p = 0.023: 17.1 (9.9) vs. 26.4 (13.7), p = 0.036), and the number of chews tended to be greater in the female group (752.5 (203.3) vs. 938.1 (375.9), p = 0.083). Meal duration was positively associated with the number of chews (0.64 [0.53, 0.74], p &lt: 0.001) and bites (10.4 [5.1, 15.8], p &lt: 0.001). For both sexes, the % error calculated via BA analysis was high for meal duration, the number of chews, and the chewing tempo (21.4 and 13.4%: 16.5 and 18.5%: and 6.8 and 5.3%, respectively) and low for the number of bites (37.9 and 68.9%). The ICCs were high for meal duration (0.73 and 0.90), the number of chews (0.76 and 0.89), and the chewing tempo (0.76 and 0.90), and low for the number of bites (0.84 and 0.69). Moreover, systematic and proportional errors were found only for the number of bites in the female group (median_difference with 95% CI: &minus:9.00 (&minus:13.00, &minus:2.00): &minus:0.320 (&minus:0.45, &minus:0.093)). Conclusions: Although the sample size was small due to the exploratory nature of the study, meal duration, number of chews, and chewing tempo had high reproducibility and agreement, at least when this test meal was consumed. These measures may indicate individual-specific eating behavior.