Experimental Approaches to Improve Yerba Mate Tissue Culture Using Nanoparticles
2025
Bruna Zanatta Pereira | Regina Caetano Quisen | Juliana Degenhardt | Ivar Wendling
Ilex paraguariensis (yerba mate), a culturally and economically important South American species, faces significant challenges in vitro, including contamination, phenolic oxidation, and low regeneration rates. Nanoparticles have recently emerged as promising tools to overcome such limitations. This study evaluated silver (AgNPs) and chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) in eight experiments using nodal, leaf, and internodal explants. Surface disinfection with 1% colloidal silver solution 20 ppm significantly reduced contamination (17.2% and 15%) while maintaining viability (62.1%). However, supplementation of culture media with AgNPs (4&ndash:75 mg·:L&minus:1) or ChNPs (5&ndash:120 mg·:L&minus:1) did not improve nodal segment responses. In leaf explants, 4 mg·:L&minus:1 AgNPs proved most effective, reducing contamination and markedly decreasing callus oxidation from 63.3% to 10.0%. Callogenesis was enhanced when AgNPs were combined with growth regulators, with the highest induction at 6 mg·:L&minus:1 AgNPs + zeatin (38.1%) and 4 mg·:L&minus:1 AgNPs + BAP (42.9%). Conversely, in internodal segments, AgNPs combined with BAP completely inhibiting callus formation. The resulting calli exhibited compact and friable morphologies but no signs of somatic embryogenesis. Overall, the effectiveness of AgNPs depends on their formulation, explant type, and interaction with cytokinins. Optimization of nanoparticle formulation and hormonal balance remains essential to maximize efficacy while minimizing toxicity.
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