Cryptosporidiosis in HIV/AIDS Patients: A Review of Species Distribution and Genetic Diversity in Nigeria
2025
Abisola, Oguntunde Faridat | Timileyin, Olikenyo Olasunkanmi | Osahenrumwen, Edobor | Chiamaka, Vincent Abigail | Moyinoluwa, Idowu Esther | Adebimpe, Oguntunde Aishat
Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite, is a significant cause of diarrheal diseases and mortality among HIV/AIDS patients in Nigeria. This review synthesises existing publications to provide a comprehensive overview of Cryptosporidium species diversity, genetic variability, and factors influencing their distribution in Nigerian HIV/AIDS patients. Studies reveal a high diversity of Cryptosporidium species, with C. hominis and C. parvum being the most frequently identified, followed by C. canis, C. felis, C. meleagridis, and C. viatorum. Molecular techniques such as PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing have enabled the identification of various subtypes within these species. Multiple environmental factors, such as the water source, human-animal contact, hygiene practices, and the host's immune status, influence genetic diversity. Clinical implications of this diversity include variations in disease severity, progression, treatment efficacy, and diagnostic challenges. Public health concerns arise from the parasite's high infectivity, environmental resilience, and contribution to morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Control strategies should prioritise water, sanitation, hygiene promotion, consistent antiretroviral therapy, and a One Health approach. Future research must address knowledge gaps in molecular epidemiology, transmission dynamics, clinical outcomes, and targeted interventions to combat cryptosporidiosis among HIV/AIDS patients in Nigeria effectively.
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