In this study, 23 milk samples were taken from different farms in Erzurum province and some physical and chemical properties and conformity to standards were analyzed. The study also aimed to determine possible correlations between the physicochemical properties of milk samples and various color parameters, and to fill the gap in the literature.

Türkiye has an important place for small livestock industry both among EU countries and worldwide, with its livestock population and native sheep and goat breeds adapted to different climatic conditions. Since the establishment of the Republic, crossbreeding projects have been implemented by different public institutions and organizations in Türkiye to increase both meat, milk and wool production. Even though some of the developed breeds have been raised by farmers; Some of the those did not have the opportunity to spread to the field, and some breeds or genotypes could not go beyond the research level. Crossbreeding is the most important tool used in animal husbandry to exceed a certain level of productivity in breeds that have reached a certain level of productivity in animal breeding. Considering that the practices to be carried out without ignoring this basic information are accepted at the breeder level, the most important project in which both the sector stakeholders take responsibility and come together is the Public Small Ruminant Breeding National Project. This project aims to improve small ruminants raised by the public in terms of various productivity characteristics. In this study, the process that the project has gone through to date will be examined, and then some suggestions will be made regarding the needs that have arisen in the project, as well as the achievements of the current situation.

About 90% of Turkey's sheep population is made up of native breeds, and about 10% of merino cross breeds. One of the Merino cross breeds is the Karacabey merino (Turkish merino) breed, which is a cross between German fleece/meat merino and Kıvırcık sheep. The aim of this study is to reveal the change in fleece fineness and length of Turkey’s fleece-oriented Karacabey Merino starter herd, which was established in May 2021 at the Training, Research and Application Farm of Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University Faculty of Agriculture, after 1 year of care and feeding. In addition, it was aimed to determine the fleece quality of lambs obtained from sheep and rams with high quality fleece. It is thought that these studies will shed light on the efforts to protect the fleece quality of the herd and to improve it with the new generation lambs. In the studies, it was determined that the change in the fleece fineness and length of the herd within 1 year was statistically insignificant (p<0.05) and the wool fineness of all lambs obtained from sheep and rams with high quality fleece met the criterion of being below 25 microns, which is necessary to produce worsted fabric.

Scandinavian Red Cattle; It is the general name given to cattle that includes Norwegian Red, Swedish Red and Danish Red. Norwegian Reds are not a pure breed, but a breed that was formed by crossing Norwegian Red and White, Red Hornless Eastland Cattle and Ayrshire, including domestic and imported breeds. Later, Swedish Red and White, Fresian and Holstein were included in the gene pool. In this crossbreeding, it is aimed to develop a superior combined breed. Swedish Red; It is closely related to the Red Cattle Breed in eastern Norway. Swedish Red Cattle are similar to Norwegian Red cattle and Western Finnish cattle. Danish red was obtained by crossing Angeln cattle from Ballum, Tonder and Schleswig cattle in the 19th century. Holstein breed cattle used in crossbreeding practices with Scandinavian Red cattle are originated from the cattle raised in the lowlands of the North Sea coasts of the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark, and are the most common cattle breed in the world. Scandinavian Red cattle breeds are used effectively in the world to eliminate the deformations that occur in culture breeds and to regulate yields. It is thought that it would be appropriate to use Scandinavian Reds in crossbreeding studies in order to eliminate the reproductive and health problems seen in Holstein in Turkey as well as in the world. In addition to the fact that the bulls have superior characteristics in terms of the breeds to be used in crossbreeding studies, it is thought that care should be taken to ensure that they are complementary to each other in terms of the genetically emphasized characteristics.

This research was carried out in the case of Eyyubiye county of Şanlıurfa province to reveal breeding practises, problems encountered, and solution suggestions in cattle breeding enterprises in the South Eastern Anatolia region. For this purpose, a face-to-face survey was conducted with breeders by selecting 135 enterprises using a simple random sampling method. It was determined that 80.7% of the breeders detected heat by considering more than one sign. It was also determined that 75.7% of the enterprisers mated their heifers with bulls or had artificial insemination when they reached 1.5 years of age. In addition, it was found that 47.4% of the breeders had natural breeding or artificial insemination of cows in the first oestrus after birth.

This study, was carried out to determine the effects of mycotoxin inhibitors plant extract (thyme extract, 500 mg/kg), organic acid (propionic acid, % 0.2) and toxin binder (MTX, 250 mg/kg) suplementation into breeder hen (165-450 days) and broiler chickens (2-3 weeks) diet, stored at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days under room conditions on aflatoxin, fumonisin B1 and B2 formation. In present study, it was determined that the formation of aflatoxin and fumonisin in laying hen diet was less than that of broiler diet. In addition, more toxin formations were performed in the samples taken from diets without mycotoxin inhibitor addition (blind). It was determined that mycotoxin inhibitors had similar effects on the formation of aflatoxin and fumonisin in both layer and broiler diets. However, the most effective additive was the plant extract after the long-term storage (45 and 60 days). In conclusion, thyme extract can be used as an inhibitor of mycotoxins (Aflatoxin B1, Fumonisin B1 and B2) in breeder hen and broiler diets due to its economical and more reliable for health.

It is very important for calves born as preruminant to provide as soon as possible development of anatomical, physiological and microbial in order to be successful, economical and more productive in the later stages of their lives. Liquid (milk, milk replacer, skim milk, colostrum) and dry feeds (concentrated and roughage) and some feed additives (probiotics, prebiotics, essential oils, enzymes) are effective in the postnatal development of the forestomaches of calves. Liquid feeds have a limited effect on rumen development. Concentrated feeds are more effective in the elongation and expansion of the rumen papillae, and roughages for muscular, wall thickness and volumetric development of the rumen. The addition of probiotics, prebiotics, essential oils and enzymes to calf rations improves the digestive system environment and the digestion of nutrients, thus creating positive effects on the forestomaches development. In order to stimulate a functional rumen development in calves, it be beneficial to give dry feeds, feed additives from an early life with together liquid feeds.

The nutritional environment of the animals raised in the enterprise and the availability of feed are the conditions that affect the reaction of the animal to the prepared ration and roughage consumption. The content, form and fermentation possibility of the fiber in the ration also affect the feeding behavior, the amount of feed consumed, as well as the metabolic profile of the animal and the lactation process. While preparing the ration, it is possible to change the feeding time for more than 1 hour a day by changing the amount of fiber or changing the particle size. It is important that the silage particle size is at the optimum level. The longer than normal size of the particles prolongs the chewing time required for swallowing the ingested feed. In competitive diets, if the particle size is larger than normal and the silage consists of fibers with low digestibility, the feeding time of the cattle in the mangers is prolonged. Their daily dry matter consumption is limited. Penn State sieve used to calculate silage particle size and TMR mixtures with 19 mm and above silages affect the production of propionic acid formed in the rumen environment due to the high starch and fermentation level, and play a role in the feed selection and consumption pattern of animals.

Lamb fattening is one of the most important factors in increasing the sustainability and profitability of the small ruminant enterprises. The purpose of care and feeding in livestock breeding is based on the principle of reaching the highest live weight provided by the genetic characteristics of lambs in a short time. Most of the research on lamb fattening in Turkey has been carried out with lambs of common native breeds. In the shortterm intensive fattening studies, it is seen that the fattening performance close to the world average can be obtained in domestic animal breeds. It is seen that the fattening age of the lambs is generally 2-3 months and the fattening period is approximately 56-84 days. Lamb fattening activities carried out our domestic sheep breeds will encourage the protection and sustainability of our existing domestic sheep breeds that are resistant to diseases and adapted to environmental conditions, making the best use of poor pastures in our country.

The aim of this study was to determine the fattening practices in cattle breeding farms in the province of Muş.. A survey was conducted in 368 enterprises using the random sampling method. The majority of the farmers (70.2%) choose animals according to their appearance and start fattening with 10-18 months old animals. The fattening period is 120-220 days of 62.8%, 55.4% of the enterprises apply "pasture + concentrate feed", 35.8% "concentrated + roughage" and 8.9% pasture fattening. Average daily live weight gain of animals, live weight at the beginning and end of fattening and carcass weights were found in the range of 800-1000 gr, 150-200 kg, 500-600 kg and 200-300 kg, respectively. It has been determined that the majority of the farmers do not follow up the weight at the beginning and during the fattening, but 34% of them weigh before selling and only 10.1% of them monthly. The end of fattening is decided by considering the market price, slaughter age and weight of the animals. It has been observed that traditionalism prevails in the enterprises from animal selection to care and feeding practices and operators should be supported with information for sustainability.