This study was carried out during 2017 and 2018 seasons on adult Picual olive cv. (8 years old) in a private orchard located at Cairo Ismailia Desert Road, (about 80 Km from Cairo), Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. Trees are grown in sandy soil, under drip irrigation system, uniform in shape and received the common horticultural practices, therefore, this work aims to study the effect of spraying different concentrations and dates spray of algae and moringa leaf extract (MLE) for tow times on the vegetative  growth, leaf mineral contents, yield and fruit chemical properties of Picual olive trees. Results indicated that all different spraying treatments of algae and moringa extract at different spraying dates had a positive effect on vegetative growth, leaf mineral contents, fruit set, yield and fruit chemical properties in comparison with the control. Treatments of algae extract at 0.4% + moringa leaves extract at 2% and algae extract at 0.4% + moringa leaves extract at 4% were the most effective treatments to increase vegetative growth, improve leaf mineral content, fruit set, yield and oil content. Thus, these treatments can be recommended for commercial use under similar conditions

The experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizae (Glomus sp. and Gigspora sp.) application on the vegetative growth and yield of tomato plants (Alisa cultivar), and its relevance to the mineral fertilizers requirements as NPK during the seasons of 2015/2016 and 2016/2017. The experiments were conducted at Baloza Research Station, Desert Research Center, North Sinai Governorate, Egypt. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replicates, every replicate included 4 treatments (75 and100% of the recommended mineral fertilizer only or combined with the mycorrhizae treatment). The results showed that mycorrhizae application significantly increased the vegetative growth characters of tomato plant such as plant height, number of shoots, number of leaves, stem diameter, fresh and dry weights and yield. There were no significant differences in the vegetative growth characteristics of tomato plants receiving 75% of mineral fertilizers in addition to mycorrhizae application as compared with plants receiving 100% of mineral fertilizers only, except for the fresh weight of plants. The plants were received 100% of the recommended mineral fertilizers combined with mycorrhizae treatment gave the highest values of vegetative growth characters and yield. Therefore, we recommended that, using of mycorrhizae could be affective to maximize the utilization of mineral fertilizers, in addition, the mycorrhizea is ecofriendly, economically and consid ered as one of the most important bio-fertilizer resources.

The study aims at identifying the analysis of the Egyptian agricultural foreign trade with the countries of the Euro-Asian Union. The  study problem , its objectives and the research method Where identified in the study. Where , there is a lack of information on the expected results or the role that the proposed free trade agreement between Egypt and the Euro-Asian Union could play and the requirements for maximizing the positive results and minimizing the negative consequences if this agreement is signed. Therefore, the research aims to identify the positive and negative results on the Egyptian economy under the proposed agreement, which contributes to reducing the negatives and supporting the positive factors to achieve effective decision-making. The study included four chapters. First, identifying the stages of economic integration. The second chapter was studying the economic interrelationships between the Russian Federation, Egypt, Belarus, Armenia and Kazakhstan, and the third chapter was the identification of commodity trade relations between Egypt and Eurasian countries during the period 2001-2017 through exports and imports  between Egypt and  the countries of the Euro-Asian Union The most important trading partner of Egypt among these countries is the Russian Federation, where the value of trade exchange between the two countries in 2017 to more than 4 billion dollars, including 3.6 billion imports to Egypt and 0.5 billion exports from Egypt to Russia, The fourth chapter was the use of trade indicators to reveal trade opportunities with the countries of the Euro-Asian Customs Union. Three indicators were used: 1- Conditions of trade, 2- Agricultural trade compatibility, 3- Price competitiveness, The tendency of the terms of exchange for Egypt in many commodities of vegetables and fruits in the studied markets and the most important Russian market and  it shows  the agricultural trade compatibility of these commodities and the advantage of some Egyptian commodities such as oranges, potatoes and grapes have a significant competitive advantage in the Russian market with great importance. The research included several recommendations, including the promotion of intraagricultural trade between Egypt and the EuroAsian countries through preferential agreements, especially with Russia, Armenia and Kazakhstan.

All living organisms are subjected to changing in conservational conditions, to which they must adapt to. Stress is defined as a threat refers to the physiological balance of systems critical to survival organisms. Five yeast strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were subjected to different adverse environmental situations, such as thermal, osmotic and oxidative (salt) stresses. The objective of this work was to detect the most tolerant yeast strains under salt or heat stresses.  Five yeast strains were exposed in a first experiment to heat stress at 20°C or 40°C beside to the control at 30°C to detect the more tolerant strain. The same yeast strains were subjected in a second experiment to two different concentrations of salt stress (NaCl); 0.5 or 1.0 M, separately, for two days (at 30°C as normal temperature for growth), other strains were exposed to 0.5 M concentration of NaCl for 24 hours, then 1 M for another 24 hours. For the heat stress results, strain S4 was more tolerant at 40oCwith insignificant difference compared to the control (30oC), while it showed significant difference at 20°C. Strain S5 also was more tolerant at 20oC with insignificant difference compared to the control. For salt treatment, the only insignificant value was for strain S3at 0.5M NaCl compared with the control.

In this study, anticancer activity of Zygophyllum album and Suaeda palastina extracts was evaluated. Dichloromethane, methanol and hot water were used as solvents for extraction. Results indicated that the highest half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) on human lung carcinoma (A549) cell lines was achieved by dichloromethane extracts of Z. album and S. palastina (70.48 μg/ml and 34.82 μg/ml respectively) compared to methanolic and hot water extracts. Furthermore, dichloromethane extracts of both plants had antiproliferative effect and highly cytotoxicity on human cancer cells. IC50 of Z. album was 27.74 μg/ml in the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), while IC50 of S. palaestina was 30.76 μg/ml with no cytotoxic activity on normal cell lines. In conclusion, these results suggest that Z. album and S. palaestina could be a good candidate species as a natural source of anticancer agents.

Germination is a way to improve agricultural productivity and easily to use by low income families, in particular with using some elicitors in germination for enhancing the nutrition value of the seeds by sprouting. For their highly metabolic activities after harvesting, radish seeds were selected for performance of this study. The effect of using abiotic elicitor (saline water, by NaCl at different concentrations) and biotic elicitor (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on sprouting of radish seed has been investigated. After germinating radish seeds for six days using elicitors, chemical analysis and determination for phytochemicals contents have been carried out. Results showed a promising efficiency by sprouting, where an appreciable increasing in some analysis as protein, carbohydrates, some minerals and amino acids comparing to seed. Besides, germination had a positive effect to present some phyto-compounds as some flavonoids, terpenoids and phenolic compounds. Then, this study and similar ones are an important step towards the future development of value-added foods with elicited phytochemicals and can be used in the development of innovative food products with beneficial effects on human’s health.

Two experiments were carried out under low polyethylene tunnels which furnished with drip irrigation during the two successive winter seasons of 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 at Elbrollous area which represents the circumstance and conditions of coastal zone of north Nile Delta kafr Elsheikh Governorate. The objective of the investigation was to find out the effect of grafting by different cucurbita rootstocks on cucumber hybrid "ESHRAK" (Cucumis sativus, L.) on vegetative growth, flowering, yield and fruit characteristics, beside nutrient contents of cucumber plants. Results showed that grafted cucumber plants on Super Shintoza led to significant increase in vegetative growth,i.e., stem length, number of leaves, number of branches and leaf area,fruit fresh weight (g), number of fruits, total yield were greater with grafted cucumber plants on Super Shintoza followed by grafted cucumber plants on cv. Ferro. However grafting had no significant effect on potassium % of fruit on both seasons. The highest total yield was obtained by grafting cucumber plants on Super Shintoza rootstock followed by grafting on cv. Ferro rootstock by 130 % and 73 %, respectively in the first season and 160% and 147 %, in the second season respectively as compared with ungrafted cucumber plants. Accordingly, this study ensured that the use of rootstocks were more beneficial than ungrafted cucumber in both tested seasons.

The grape seeds extracted with various organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform) either pure (100%) or mixed with 30, 50 and 50% water (except chloroform)  were evaluated for its content of antioxidant compounds; i.e. phenolics and flavonoids (by HPLC technique) and/or antioxidant activities (by DPPH test). The extraction yield was ranged between 6-10% depending on solvent type and significantly increased by mixing with water with various percentages. Total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity of grape seed extracts were affected by type of solvent. The highest total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids was recorded in methanol 70% extract, while the lowest one was in water 100% extract.

Currently, the international community focus on the problem of food security and nutrition to achieve the goals in the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Plan, in particular the second objective of sustainable development, which concern eradication  of hunger, saving food security and be improved nutrition, as well promotion of sustainable agriculture (The official website of the United Nations). The field study aims to provide an indication of the expected volume of demand for irradiated food in the Egyptian market and estimate degree of approval, due to measuring of consumer’s attitudes. The process of food irradiation gives a competitive advantage in the markets, through achievement of important role in preserving food and agricultural products, an addition protect them from spoilage. The felid Study was based on consumer demand for irradiated food in Cairo Governorate, as the largest governorate in terms of population intensity, representing about 10.06% of the total population of the Republic (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, 2017). A survey was conducted on consumers who frequented the hypermarket between two areas, one located in a high income area (1st Settlement) and the other located in a low income area (Shoubra). The results of the survey showed that the percentage of those who approved the purchase of irradiated food amounted to about 67%, while the percentage of those who undecided and rejected was estimated at about 12% 21% respectively. The highest percentage of  weighted average value was approved for the axis of the nutritional value of food and quality, which amounted to about 81.33%, while the approval rate for the axis of environmental specifications has reached 74.66% only. The results indicate that the factors affecting on consumers behavior for the purchase of irradiated food are not mainly due to the price specifications of the commodity but to the nutritional value and quality, health and marketing specifications. In addition, the results showed that relationship wasn’t statistically significant between the variables of the age group, gender, social status and all the axes of the irradiated food specification, but relationship was found statistically significant between the variable of the region (high income and low income) and the total specifications. The study suggests which explains the importance of directing marketing strategies appropriate to the consumer groups with a relatively low level of education and low incomes, because increasing the awareness of the benefits of radiation Processed of food, will increase the total economic benefit for them, it’s most important of maintain quality and safety of food for long shelf life. The results also showed the relative importance of information, that effect on demand for irradiated food in the Egyptian market, it’s considered high relatively where was estimated at 87%. Furthermore, the results explained an important role of the major media as television, which has most Watched by consumers by 69%, followed it the Internet by 29%. The dry foods may be provided when the commercial application and marketing of irradiated products in the Egyptian market would be started, This is due to agree with most consumer’s attitude, which selected by 62% of the study sample. Based on the above, the important role becomes clear of felid studies and marketing research in the Egyptian market, to identify the actual wants of consumer, which represented to obtain safe, healthy and high quality of food, how optimization using of food irradiation technology could be met consumer's demand on Specification of food products required in the Egyptian commercial markets. The study recommends of put a marketing strategy for irradiated food, which mainly dependent on providing specifications of these foods, such as nutritional value, quality, health and marketing specifications, which are important economic axes, it had highly compatible with the preference and consumer’s behavior  towards purchasing. This is one of the most important factors affecting on demand according to economic theory. This ensures the marketing process’s effectiveness for these foods before supplied to the market. In addition to achieve the expected economic returns at the national level by saved food security or at the individual level by satisfying the consumer's wants to obtain safe food with high quality and comparatively long shelf life.

Bacterial endophytic ubiquitously colonize the internal tissues of the plant. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify the endophytic bacteria from sugarcane stalks which have antagonistic activity against Sporisorium scitamineum, the causal pathogen of sugarcane smut disease, and to study their activity to produce some secondary metabolites i.e. enzymes and growth-promoters.  Sugarcane samples were collected from five governorates in Upper-Egypt namely, Giza, Beni-Suef, Sohag, Qena, and Luxor. A total of 240 isolates of endophytic bacteria were isolated from 160 samples of healthy sugarcane stalks (variety GT-54-9). Isolated endophytes were screened for its antagonistic activity against S. scitamineum, in vitro, using dual culture method. Only, 62 isolates showed different degrees of antagonistic activity. Ten isolates of endophytic bacteria were selected to study their potential to produce enzymes (chitinase, β 1,3 glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase) and growth-promoters (siderophores, indole acetic acid (IAA), salicylic acid (SA)). These isolates were pre-identified using the morphological and physiological properties according to Bergy's manual as Pseudomonas sp., Serratia sp., Enterobacteria sp., Herbaspirillium sp., Gluconacetobacter sp. Anabaenopsis sp. and Azospirillumsp. All endophetic bacteria produced β 1,3gluconase and indole acetic acid (IAA), while Pseudomonas sp. produced salicylic acid and phenylalanine ammonia lyase, Ana baenopsis sp. produced phenylalanine ammonia lyase, Gluconacetobacter sp. produced chitinase and Herbaspirillium sp. produced siderophore. Meanwhile, isolates of Anabaenopsis sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were the most effective to produce β 1,3glucanase and indole acetic acid compared with other entophytic bacteria.