The experiment was conducted through two successive seasons of 2008 and 2009 at El Bosaily farm, EI-Behira governorate at the North Coastal of the Nile Delta, in Egypt. This work aimed to study the effect of three green-house covers (polyethylene sheet, white and black net) and three irrigation levels 180%, 100% and 120% of the potential evapotranspiration estimated according to class A pan equation (ET,)], applied by drip irrigation system, on plant growth and crop yield of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.. cv. Reda F1). The experimental design was split- plot with three replicates. The results showed that white net green-house cover optimized growth and yield of cucumber plant. White net cover treatment recorded the highest vegetative growth (plant height, number of leaves, total leaves area, total fresh and dry weights), and significantly increased total yield. The highest vegetative growth was obtained by 100% ETo compared to 80 and 120% ETo treatments. The interaction among water treatment and green-house cover indicated the highest vegetative growth and crop yield were obtained under white net cover with 100% ET,.

The evaluate some safety treatments including: mulching, tunnels, natural yeast extract, antioxidant and two rhizobacteria Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas fluorescens towards root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. on strawberry plant grown in naturally infested soil and consequently their probable effects on growth parameters, chemical components and yield of strawberry compared to untreated control. Results of this study confirmed that all used treatments, significantly reduced all related nematode parameters i.e. number of galls/root system; number of egg masses/root system as well as number of juveniles/250 g soil (either after 2 or 4 months) when compared to plants grown in the naturally infested soil only. The highest percentage of reduction in all related nematode parameters were noticed after 4 months. Mulching, S. marcescens, P. fluorescens and tunnels, played an important role in reducing the percentage of nematode parameters. Mulching and S. marcescens reduced the percentage of gall numbers/root system by 77%, followed by tunnels by 75% and P. fluorescens by 70%. S. marcescens reduced the percentage of egg masses/root system by 80% followed by P. fluorescens by 78% and mulching by 76%. Results indicated that the soil treated with mulching, also significantly reduced the percent age of juvenile numbers/250 g soil by 79% followed by S. marcescens by 73%. . Results revealed that all previous treatments significantly increased the early and total yield. Our results confirmed that, the rhizobacterium S. marcescens came in the first rank as a promoter of all related plant growth characters, followed by tunnels and mulching treatments. Results confirmed that also the antioxidants, are considered the effective one in enhancing the activities of peroxidase and phenoloxidase as well as T:S.S% and V.C followed by the natural yeast extract.

Among 20 bacterial isolates isolated from the soil of El-hawia, El-hada, El-kaym and Karwa in Taif governorate in Saudi Arabia,two isolates had high efficacy in producing cellulase enzyme. They belonged to genus Bacillus (Bacillus 8 & 17).  Some factors such as carbon source and wheat bran as a raw material, nitrogen source, pH and incubation temperature were investigated. Results indicated that CMC and cellulose were the most effective as they enhanced cellulases production .Sodium nitrate and ammonium chloride were the best nitrogen sources for cellulases production. Initial pH 7.0 was found to be optimal for growth and cellulase production. Incubation temperatures at 25 - 40ºC achieved high cellulases production by the two isolates.

This study aimed at: 1. Identify the level of modernization between respondents in the Minufiya Governorate in Egypt, 2. Study the relationship between the farmers’ characteristics and level of modernity. The present study was conducted in two villages of Minufiya governorate which were Kafer Betibs from Tala districts and Met Faris Barket El- Sabah districts. A random sample of 100 farmers was chosen from each village. Data were collected by interviewing respondents through using a pretested questionnaire. It were statistically analyzed by using frequencies, percentages, simple correlation coefficients, T Scores, Z Scores and logistic regression analysis .   The results revealed that   1. The highest proportion of farmers was between 28 and 60 years. Mean values for family size in the different study areas were 5.49, the main occupation of respondents was agriculture (60%) A large share of farmers (70%) received formal education, while (30%) of farmers did not receive any formal education. Farmers in the study area were small-scale farmers, it showed that the average size of land owned was one feddan, the average level of living was 12.19, the average annual gross farm income in the study area was 11362 L.E per household. All farmers in the study areas were members of the agricultural cooperative, which exist in all villages. Membership of these cooperatives was mandatory for those farmers who had reasonable access to it; 51.5% of farmers have a medium level of cosmopoliteness, 37% have a high level. More than 75% of farmers were falling in the medium level of communication with agricultural information, more than 65% of farmers had a medium level of aspiration, only 1.5% of farmers had a high level of aspiration, The highest proportion of farmers was a medium degree of filiations to community. 2. The results showed that non of the respondents from the sample size had a high level of agricultural modernity, 76.5% had a medium level and 23.5 % only had low level. 3.The coefficients of the logistic model used to investigate factors affecting the modernity of farmers. The chi-square test showed the level of significance of the parameters included in the model (at P <0.01).  Modernity of farmers was correctly predicted for 77.5% of the farmers. The factors that contribute to modernity of farmers according to the Wald chi-square statistic were in order of importance: degree of affiliation, cosmopoliteness, family size, farm size, and aspiration level.

Pollen grain morphology and seed coat characters of 11 cultivars belonging to two species of genus Hibiscus (Family Malvaceae) namely H. esculentus (H. Abelmoschus) and H. sabdariffa were investigated. This study was carried out using light microscope (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Pollen morphology of this genus is fairly uniform. Generally radially symmetrical apolar, mostly spheroidal, pantoporate. Seed exomorphic characters revealed four types of ornamentations; reticulate, ocealate,foveolate andruminate. Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was employed to characterize those taxa. Thirty one bands of seed protein profiles have been constructed from the gel. The produced dendrograms were analyzed by STATISCA program using UPGMA clustering method showed a close affinity among the seven H. esculentus cultivars and the four H. sabdariffa cultivars.

This study aimed at identifying the political knowledge and some aspects of political participation of the rural youth, and determining variables that are proposed to relate and explaine the variance of degree of political knowledge and political participation of the rural youth. Data were collected from a random sample of 1100 youth (550 males, and 550 females) in eleven villages at Menoufiya governorate through personal interviews with respondents. The results of the study indicated a low political knowledge degree and political participation degree for the rural youth. The results of statistical tests revealed that there were significant differences between the two groups of respondents (males and females) regarding political knowledge degree and political participation degree. The findings of step-wise multiple regression analysis indicated that: 1-   The most important variables affecting degree of male’s political knowledge were education level, participation in developmental projects, cultural cosmoplitness, participation in public election’s conferences, participation in social organizations and participation in political parties. These six significant independent variables explained only 37.9% of the total variance of the male’s political knowledge degree.   2-   The most important variables affecting degree of female’s political knowledge were education level, cultural cosmoplitness, participation in social organizations, socialization and politicalization, geographical cosmoplitness, monthly incom and age. These seven significant independent variables explained only 33.3% of the total variance of the female’s political knowledge degree. 3-   The most important variables affecting degree of male’s political participation were political knowledge degree, participation in social organizations, participation in developmental projects and cultural cosmoplitness. These four significant independent variables explained only 24% of the total variance of the male’s political participation degree. 4-   The most important variables affecting degree of female’s political participation were political knowledge degree, participation in social organizations, age, geographical cosmoplitness, family education level and cultural cosmoplitness. These six significant independent variables explained only 15.6% of the total variance of the female’s political participation degree.  The study were concluded with a discussion of its findings and a number of suggestions for the inhancement of rural youth’ participation in political activities were introduced.

The experiment was conducted through two successive seasons of 2008 and 2009 at El-Bosaily farm, El-Behira governorate at the North Coastal of the Nile Delta, in Egypt. This work aimed to study the effect of three green-house covers (polyethylene sheet, white and black net) and three irrigation levels [80%, 100% and 120% of the potential evapotranspiration estimated according to class A pan equation (ETo)], applied by drip irrigation system, on plant growth and crop yield of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Reda F1). The experimental design was split- plot with three replicates. The results showed that white net green-house cover optimized growth and yield of cucumber plant. White net cover treatment recorded the highest vegetative growth (plant height, number of leaves, total leaves area, total fresh and dry weights), and significantly increased total yield. The highest vegetative growth was obtained by 100% ETo compared to 80 and 120% ETo treatments. The interaction among water treatment and green-house cover indicated the highest vegetative growth and crop yield were obtained under white net cover with 100% ETo.

Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important fruit trees, there is a lot of varieties with the possibility of mislabeling, homogenouses and synonyms, which makes major troubles when having plant material for propagation and breeding programs. In this search, 12 olive varieties (Mawi Istanbuli, Khilkhali Khishen, Dan, Mniekri, Adkam, Doaibli, Jlot, Khilkhali Saghir, Karamani Modabal,       Mawi abo Shokeh, Sourani, and Abo Shokeh),  cultivated in ACSAD Gene bank in Gellin, were characterized by ISSR molecular markers to determine the relationship between these varieties. Depending on quantitive traits the results indicated that these varieties are so close to each other's, ranged from 60% and 85%. It was noticed that Mneikri was apart from the other varieties in its traits, (polymorphic rate was 92.94%).

The present study was carried out to verify the variation of short fiber content (SFC) and its importance. The instruments and/ or methods used to measure short fiber include High Volume Instrument (HVI), Fibrograph 630 and Suter-Webb array. Materials used in this study included the extra-long and long staple varieties with wide range of lint grades. The three measures of short fiber especially, Suter-Webb-SFC exhibited high variations for lint grades and low variations for cotton varieties. Suter-Webb short fiber shows higher values than the HVI and Fibrogragh short fiber. Results indicate that most of the fiber and yarn quality properties are strongly correlated with each of the three measures of short fiber content. Comparisons between the three measures indicate that they correlate well with each other. Highly significant regression model was developed to predict short fiber content from maturity percentage, fiber length, length uniformity and fiber strength. The closer normalized short fiber content (NSF) is to 1 (or 100%), the higher the agreement between SFC and predicted short fiber content (PSF).

Understanding the sorption process in natural zeolite and bentonite is necessary for effective utilization of these minerals as nutrient adsorbents and on the other side for controlling release of plant nutrients. This research was undertaken to characterize the ability of natural zeolite and bentonite minerals to adsorb and release zinc and manganese. The potentials for sorption of these ions were evaluated by applying the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The results showed that Langmuir constant [maximum adsorption (b mmol kg-1)] of both Zn and Mn were for bentonite > zeolite While the [binding strength values (k in L.mmol-1)] for zeolite > bentonite      Zn in case of zeolite showed the lowest desorbed percentage particularly at high levels of sorbed Zn. Only, 74.7 % is readily extractable by DTPA after three successive extractions leaving, 25.3 % Zn retained by the mineral. In case of bentonite, 82.26 % of sorbed Zn is readily extractable by DTPA after three successive extractions leaving, 17.74 % Zn retained by the mineral. In case of Mn, 84.63% of Mn sorbed by zeolite is readily extractable by DTPA after three successive extractions leaving, 15.37% Mn retained by the mineral. In case of bentonite, 89.79 % of adsorbed Mn is readily extractable by DTPA after three successive extractions leaving, 10.21 % Mn retained by the mineral.      This finding may reflect clearly the possibility of using natural zeolite and bentonite as a slow release fertilizer for Zn and Mn and on the other hand preventing soil pollution with heavy metals.